Full text of "Vincennes in picture and story. History of the old town, appearance of the new. Full colonial history, including George Rogers Clark's own account of the capture of the village"

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THE COMPILER

VINCENNES

In Picture and Story.

HISTORY OF THE OLD TOWN.
APPEARANCE OF THE NEW.

FULL COLONIAL HISTORY, INCLUDING GEORGE
ROGERS CLARK'S OWN ACCOUNT OF
THE CAPTURE OF THE VIL-
LAGE FROM THE
BRITISH.

ALSO A SHOWING OF THE

Manufacturing and Business
Interests,

WITH COPIOUS ILLUSTRATIONS.

COMPILED BY

J. IP. HODGE,

19O2.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Photo by Totenslev-

KNOX COUNTY COURT HOUSE. Cost over $362,000

vhor

Wncennes in Picture and Jtory

The City of Vincennes, which will form the
subject of the following sftetch, is situated on
the Wabash river, 120 miles above where its
waters join with those of the beautiful Ohio. It
is almost equi-distant from the two great cities
of St Louis and Cincinnati, being 150 miles al-
most directly east of the former, and 192 miles
directly west of the latter, on the line of the
Baltimore & Ohio South-Western R. R., and
south 236 miles from Chicago. It is 117 miles
southwest from Indianapolis, and fifty-one
miles north of Evansville. It is the southwest-
ern terminus of the Indianapolis & Vincennes
railroad, a part of the Pennsylvania system,
and the midway point on the Evansville &
Terre Haute Railroad. It is also the northern
terminus of the old Cairo & Vimcerines road,
now a part of the Big Four system.

It is a beautiful city of twelve thousand peo-
ple, largely engaged in manufacturing indus-
tries, which are, however, so far in the out-
skirts, in the main, as to interfere little with
the beauty of the city or the pleasure and com-
fort of its inhabitants.

Having thus located and briefly described
our subject, our attention! will now be directed
to its history proper and more will be said of
the present city, its advantages and prospects
in another place.

CHAPTER I.
EARLY SETTLEMENT.
It is perhaps quite generally known that
Vincennes is one of the oldest settlements of
the West. It is also known in a vague sort of
way that it figured to some extent in the opera-
tions of the Revolutionary war. It is probably
not so generally known, however, how great a
part the "Old Post" played in the game of war
which resulted in the birth of the great nation
on which the jealous eyes of the whole earth
are turned to-day. In view of the importance
its conquest assumed in the treaty of Paris,
in 1783, it is deeply to be regretted that its
early histoiy is enshrouded im misty doubt and

uncertainty due to the want of official records
and authentic historical data.

In his e/forts to present to his readers a
worthy and reliable account of the early set-
tlement, growth and development of the city
of VinJcennes, the compiler of this history has
spent much time and labor and has consulted
numerous authorities important among which
are Judge Law's "History of Vincennes;" Hon.
Win. H. English's "Conquest of the Territory
Northwest of the River Ohio and Life of George
Rogers Clark," and the "History of Indiana," as
published in House Miscellaneous Documents,
of the 50th congress; also a pamphlet entitled
"Vincennes," by Hon. H. S. Cauthorn.. In this
connection he desires to acknowledge valuable
assistance rendered him by Hon. Henry S.
Cauthorn, Dr. Hubbard M. Smith and Mr. Ed-
ward L. Townsley, of the city.

The city derives its name from a Canadian of-
ficer, Francis Morgan de Vincenne, who, there
is some reason to believe, planted the first
French settlement here in the year 1702. It
is not, however, due to this circumstance that
the city bears his name. It had up to the year
1736 been knk>wn variously as "The Post, "Old
Post," "Au Post," "Post Ouabache," "St
Francis Xavier Post." etc., no name having,
apparently, been officially promulgated. De
Vincenne, who was a resident of the town and
probably a post officer, accompanied an expe-
dition against the Chickasaw Indians. The
French were defeated and De Vincenne was
among the captured, scorning to leave the
wounded. His heroic conduct on this occasion
when he was burned at the stake, caused his
praises to be sung to that extent that his name
was given the post, without any formal action,
but by a spontaneous movement which met
with a general acceptance. Ttat the first set-
tlement on the Wabash on the ?ite of Vincennes
was made by French traders from Canada
there seems to be no doubt, vrhatever. Under
whose leadership and at what date are mat-

colonial enterprizes which
were undertaken by the
French in America, two con-
siderations doubtless operated
to induce the settlement at
Vincennes. The strengthen-
ing and extension of the trade
and empire of France, and
the spread of the Christian re-
ligion, as taught by the estab-
lished church of that country.
It is well kniown that in the
latter part of the seventeenth
century they attempted the
construction of a cordon of
posts to connect their settle-
ments in Canada with those
on the Mississippi, -and the
Old Post may have had its
origin as far back as that, in
this effort.

ters which do not seem capable of being re-
duced to any degree of certainty. As in all the

At the time when the light
of history throws its first dim
rays upon the site of our be-
loved little city of the pres-
ent, there was located here
an Indian village called
"Chip-pe-co-ke" or "Brush
Wood." No doubt the exist-,
ence of this village was the
moving consideration for the
settlement at this point for
dual reason that it gave the
priest an opportunity to con-
vert the savage denizens of
the valley and furnished the
thrifty trader an opportunity
to traffic with the natives.

Judge Law in his address
before the "Vincennes His-
torical and .Antiquarian Soci-
ety," delivered in 1839, by
a most plausible argument
arrives at the conclusion that
the settlement here must
have been made about 1710.
Quoting from a volume of
"Letters Edifying and Curi-
ous," published in Paris in
1761, and from a letter therein
contained written toy "Father
Gabriel Marest, Missionary of the company of
Jesus, to Father Germon, of the same com-

B
g

O
U

Z
z

VINCENNES IX PICTURE AND STORY

pany," dated at Kaskaskia, Illinois, Nov. 12,
1712, says: 'The French having lately estab-
lished a fort on the river Wabash, demanded a
missionary, and Father Mermet was sent to
them." From the statement that the fort has
been built, Judge Law arrives at the conclusion
that the settlement must have been made a
year or so previous to the date of the letter.

In a memoir of M. de Denomville, on the
French limits in North America, dated March
8, 1688, it is stated that the French at that time
had divers establishments on the river Missis-
sippi "as well as on the Oyo, Ouabache, etc.,
which flow into the said river Mississippi."
This is taken from the "Paris Documents"
which are copies of the "originals in the ar-
chives of the department of the marin/e and the
colonies in the archives of the department of
war, and in the Royal library of Paris."

nin passant it may be as well to note the fact
that there appears to be good authority for the
statement that the society before which Judge
Law delivered this discourse in 1839 had in the
early part of the nineteenth century fixed the
date 1680 as that of the first French settlement
here. Onl what they based their conclusions is
not known at the present day.

Judge Law sees no reason to doubt that the
post mentioned in Father Marest's letter was
the one afterwards variously known as "Au
Post," "The Post," and "Post Vincennes."

The statement is made in the 'History of In-
diana" previously referred to, published by au-
thority of Congress, that "after La Motte Cad-
illac founded a permanent settlement at Detroit,
and about the close of 1702, Sieur Juchereau, a
Canadian officer, assisted by the Missionary
Mermet, made an attempt to establish a post
on the Ohio, near the mouth of that river; or
according to some on the Wabash at the site
which is now occupied by Vincentnes." Two
anecdotes are there related as told by Father
Mermet in connection with this settlement,
which Judge Law connects with his later date
of 1710. One of these related to a religious
controversy with the medicine men of the In-
dian village: the other to an epidemic malady
of malignant type from which the Indians suf-
fered and with which neither the "Big Medi-
cine's" sorcery nor the good priest's knowledge
was able to cope. In their extremity the poor,
ignorant red men determined on an effort to ap-
pease the evil spirit by a great sacrifice of

dogs. The rest is told in Bishop Brute's lan-
guage:

"Forty of these poor animals, innocent as
they were of the cause of the epidemic, were
immolated, and carried on poles in solemn pro-
cession around the fort While the procession
was moving, the jugglers were uttering excla-
mations, which as recorded by Father Mermet
were as follows: 'Manitou of the French, do
not kill us all! Softly, softly then! Do not
strike too hard. Spare us ere we all die.'
Then turning to the father (Mermet) they
would say 'O, Manitou, truly thou hast life and
death in thy sack. Keep in death and give out
life.' " It is added that "the Indians soon
moved away from the place of mortality, Mer-
met retired to the village of Kaskaskia, and
the Sieur Juchereau abandoned the sickly post.

In the narrative last referred to it is stated
that the total French population within the
province from Lake Michigan to the Gulf of
Mexico did not exceed four hunldred in 1713,
three years" after the date fixed by Judge Law
for the settlement of Vincennes, from which we
may infer that at all events the population of
Vincennes must have been exceedingly limited.

But we find another bit of evidence in favor
of the date 1762 for the settlement at the "Old
Post," in the petition of the French inhabitants
thereof to General Gage in 1772, in which they
allege, in response to a proclamation previously
issued by General Gage, commanding them "to
retire, at their choice, into some one of the
colonies of his majesty, where they will be re-
ceived and treated as the other subjects of his
majesty." They claim in their petition that
they hold their lands by "sacred titles;" that
the French settlement at this place was of
'seventy years' standing," and that their lands
had been granted by order and under protec-
tion of "his most Christian Majesty," the King
of France. To this petition Gen. Gage trans-
mitted the following reply:

"New York, April 2d, 1773.

"Gentlemen: I have received your letter of
the 14th of September last, with the representa-
tions annexed, which I intend to cause in a
few days to be transmitted to the fleet of his
Majesty.

"As you claim your possession by sacred ti-
tles, insinuating that your settlement is of
seventy years' standing, and that the lands
have been granted by order and under protec-
tion of his most Christian Majesty, it is nee-

VINCEXNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

essary that His Majesty should be informed
very particularly on these points: and it is> im-

5
o

e
&

S
O

portant to you to giye con-
vincing proofs of all that
you allege in this respect.

"To this end I have to de-
mand, without delay, the
name of every inhabitant at
Yincennes and its neighbor-
hood, and by what title each
one claims; if it is by con-
cession, the year of the con-
cession must be added, as
the name of the officer who
made it, and the name of the
governor-general who ap-
proved and confirmed it
with (illegible word, probab-
ly "page" or "number";) also
of the records where each
concession shall have been
registered. That the report
which I expect may be bet-
ter understood, I annex here-
to a form, which I beg you
to follow exactly, and to put
me as early as possible in a
position to push forward
your business.
I am, Gentlemen,

Your most humble,
And obedient servant,
THOMAS GAGE.

"Mr. de St. Marie, and the
other inhabitants settled at
Post Vincenues."

It is worthy of remark!
that the seventy years' ten-
ure of lands at the
Post" would carry these pe-
titioners back exactly to the
date alleged in the history of
Indiana, heretofore referred
to as that of the arrival of
Sieur Juchereau and his fol-
lowers, with Father Merniet
1702.

Father Merniet subse-
quently died at Kaskas-
kia, but whether he ever
returned to Viucennes

we are not told.
On the subject of the date of settlement it

VIXCEXXES IX PICTURE AND STORY

may be further said the Count de Volney, who
was here in 1796, and who talked with many
of the old settlers, gives it as his opinion that
the settlement was made in 1735. The facts
and circumstances before related, however,
render it altogether probable his estimate is
too conservative and that the correct date is
many years prior.

CHAPTER II.

THE JESUIT MISSIONARIES.

The noble fortitude, perseverance and endur-
ance exhibited by these learned missionaries
of the Jesuit order are worthy the admiration
of the world, and did more, perhaps, toward
conquering the wilderness, so far as it was
done by the French than all other agenteies. No
other nation had so litle trouble with the In-
dians as the French and we can readily believe
the Christly deportment, unselfish devotion to
the relief of suffering, exhibited by their de-
voted priesthood, did more than all other agen-
cies to produce that happy state of affairs.

As throwing some light on their labors anld
the manner in which they gained so great an
-ascendancy over the natives we quote below
from a letter written from Kaskaskia, by Fath-
er Marest, giving an account of a journey
through the wilderness. He thus describes the
character of the country over which he trav-
eled in making a journey from Kaskaskia to
Michilimackinac: "We have marched," says
the Rev. Father, "twelve days without meet-
ing a single human creature. Sometimes we
found ourselves in vast prairies of which we
could not see the boundaries through which
there flowed many brooks and rivers, but with-
out any path to conduct us. Sometimes we
were obliged to open a path through thick for-
ests, through bushes and underwood filled with
briars and thorns. Sometimes we had to pass
through deep marshes in) which we sank up to
the middle. After being fatigued through the
day we had the earth for our bed or a few
leaves exposed to the wind, the rain, and all
the injuries of the air."

Writing of the customary religious exercises
at Kaskaskia. Father Marest says: "The fol-
lowing is the order we observe each day in
our mission: Early in the morning we assem-
ble the catechumens at the church, where they
have prayers; they receive instruction and
chant some canticles. When they have retired,
mass is said, at which all the Christians as-

sist, the men placed on one side and the wom-
en on the other; then they have prayers, which
are followed by giving them a homily; after
which each one goes to his labor. We then
spend our time in visiting the sick to give them
the necessary remedies, to instruct them, and
to console those who are laboring under any
affliction.. After noon the cathechising is held,
at which all are present, Christians and
catechumens, men and children, younig and old,
and where each, without distinction of rank or
age, answers the questions put by the mission-
ary. As the people have no books and are nat-
urally indolent, they would shortly forget the
principles of religion! if the remembrance of
them were not recalled by these almost con-
tinual instructions. In the evening all assem-
ble again at the church to listen to the instruc-
tions which are given, to hear prayers and to
sing praise hymns. * * * These hymns are
their best insti uctions, which they retain more
easily, since the word's are set to airs with
which they are familiar and which they like."

Could anything be more calculated to gain
and retain an ascendancy over any people than
such a course of instruction and such devotion
and service to the sick and suffering? Is it
any wonder' that wherever the Jesuit mission-
ary went there was for the most part a friendly
greeting and that he gained this not only for
himself but for his associates and followers?

But if the picture painted by the Count de
Volney in 1796 of the conditions prevailing at
Vincennes on the occasion of his visit of that
date be a true one the vigilance of the priest-
hood hereabout must have been somwhat re-
laxed. Mr. Volney says: "My stay at Vin-
cennes afforded me some knowledge of the In-
dians who were assembled to barter away the
produce of their red hunt. There were four
or five hundred of them, men, women) and
children, of various tribes, as the Weas, Peor-
ias, Sawkies, Peankeshaws and Miamis. The
men and women roamed all day about the
town merely to get rum; for which they eager-
ly exchanged their peltry, their toys, their
clothes, and at length, when they had parted
with their all, they offered their prayers and
entreaties never ceasing to drink rill they had
lost their senses."

It should be remembered, however, that this
was long after the conquest of the country by
George Rogers Clark, and in the meantime
there had come into the vicinity many traders

VIXCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

of English extraction over whom and whose
dealings with the natives the Jesuit mission-
aries could have no control. A further rea-
son/ for the more abundant flow of rum Is
found in the fact that communication with the
settlements was at this time far easier than in
the time of Fr. Marest.. A few years later, in

Photo by Ttnvnsley.

Jesuitical priesthood certainly render it prob-
able that it is possible even at this day to find
the facts. We are, however, compelled at the
present to content oneselves with conjecture as
to the lapse of a quarter of century or more
until the year 1749 when the first entry appears
in the records of St. Francis Xavier Cathedral.

VINCENNES AND EVANSVILLE BELLES

1805, Governor Harrison, in a letter addressed
to Governor Tiffin, of Ohio, said: "The dread-
ful effects which have beem produced among
our Indian neighbors by the immense quanti-
ties of ardent spirits which have been poured
in upon them by our citizens, have long been
known and lamented by every fiiend of hu-
manity."

But these digressions find us far ahead of
our story. Let us return to the early years of
the eighteenth century. They give us little but
conjecture it is true, but we are safe in sur-
mising that the Piankeshaw villages in the vi-
cinity of Vincennes were not strangers to the
zealous priests whose labors were begun al-
most with the dawns of the century and that if
we know nothing of the events of that period
it is probably due to the fact that the archives
of the order in France have not been searched
by a competent historian sufficiently interested
to delve so deep as would be required. The
thorough system of reports required of the

It was made by Father Meurin, who appears to
have arrived here at that date. We are told
that in the course of the next year, 1700, a
small fort was built and that the white popu-
lation was considerably increased in the course
of the years 1754-55-56 by the arrival of immi-
grants from Kaskaskia, Detroit, Canada amd
New Orleans.

It will be remembered that it was in the last
year mentioned, 1854, that war was precipitated
between France and England, known in Eng-
lish history as the French and Indiani war.
Washington leading a force against Fort Du
Quesne suffered his first disaster, at Fort Ne-
cessity, Great Meadows, being compelled to
capitulate to De Villiers, the French command-
ant, who generously permitted his little army
to retire toward the English settlements. This
war resulted in victory for the English arms
and the cession of Canada and the territory
westward to the Mississippi, to England, by
"( treaty of 1763. *

Felix Bouchie, who died in Vincennes at an advanced age, in 1897, related an experience his grand-
father, Vetal Bouchie, had with the Indians during this war. He came to Vincennes from Canada in 1760.
Young Bouchie, who was a man of herculean proportions, applied to Mrs. Cardinal, a widow, for work,
and was engaged to assist in mowing a meadow south of town, in the vicinity of the elevation known
as "Bunker Hill." While at work in company with another white man and two negro slaves, they
were set upon by a party of Indians, who had approached by the well known stratagem of moving
bushes held in front of them. At the moment of the discovery of the Indians, who had taken the precau-

VINCENNBS IN PICTURE AND STORY

CHAPTER III.
UNDER ENGLISH RULE.

The first official act affecting the repose of the
French settlement was a proclamation issued
by General Gage in 1772 which read as follows:

'By his Excellency, Thomas Gage, Lieutenant
General of the King's armies, colonel of the
twenty-second regiment, general commanding
in chief all the forces of his majesty in North
America, etc., etc., etc.,

'Whereas, many persons, contrary to the posi-
tive orders of the King upon the subject, have
undertaken to make settlements beyond the
boundaries fixed by the treaties made with the
Indian nations, which boundaries ought to
serve as a barrier between) the whites and the
said nations; and a great number of persons
have established themselves, particularly on
the Ouabache, where they lead a Wandering
life, without government and without laws, in-
terrupting the free course of trade, destroy-
ing the game anid causing infinite disturbance
in the country, which occasions considerable
injury to the affairs of the King, as well as to
those of the Indians his majesty has been
pleased t:> order, and by these presents orders
are giver* in the name of the King, to all who
have established themselves on the lands upon
the Ouabache, whether at St. Vincent or else-
where, tD quit those countries without delay,
and to retire at their choice, into some one of
the colonies of bis majesty, where they will be
received and treated as the other subjects of
his majesty. Done and given at headquarters,
New York. Signed with our hand, sealed with
our seal at arms, and countersigned by our
secretary, this 8th of .April, 1772. By order of
the King.

"THOMAS GAGE.
"By His Excellency, G. Maturin, Sec."

It was this proclamation which drew forth

the protest and petition from the inhabitants
of Vincennes, to which reference was made
above, in which they claimed a seventy years'
tenure of their lands at "Old Post."

The ostensible grounds upon which this or-
der of Gen. Gage was issued were by nto means
the real reason for its promulgation. It was in
pursurance of a policy inaugurated in 1763, by
a proclamation from King George, which for-
bade his subjects from making any purchases
or settlements whatever, or taking possession
of any of the lands "beyond the sources of any
of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean
from the west or northwest," and at the sug-
gestion of the "English Board of Trad* and
Plantations," the British government took
measures to confine the English settlements in
America to such a distance from the seacoast
as that those settlements should be within the
reach of the trade and commerce of Great
Britain." In line with this policy the govern-
ment rejected the propositions of various per-
sons and companies who desired to establ'sh
colonies in the west.

The jealousy of the English people and gov-
ernment of their colonies was already mani-
festing itself in various oppressive policies and
measures designed to repress their growth and
confine the benefits of their commerce to the
English people. The nuclei furnished by the
French settlements within the imhibited terri-
tory provided a potent attraction to enterpris-
ing Englishmen and Americans to lead them in-
to infractions of the English policy, hence the
determination) to remove the French population.
No doubt the policy thus inaugurated would
have been carried out and the "Old Post" and
other French settlements depopulated but for
the fact that the events supervening gave the
English government all it could attend to and
more in the eastern section of its domain.

tion to get between them and the village, the Indians rushed upon them. The negroes escaped by taking
to the swamp: the other white man was killed and Bouchie captured after a brave resistance, which
resulted in his being beaten into insensibility. He was carried south, and when he recovered conscious-
ness was many miles away and on the west side of the Wabash. After several days march, during which
he was greatly maltreated', they reached an Indian village, where he became the special charge of aj
old squaw. He took pains to placate her and she soon became attached to him. Finally she came to Mm
one night with the announcement that the Indians in council had determined that he must die, and
token of it had buried their tomahawks in a tree. She bade him follow her and led the way 'to a
thicket, where she concealed him and where she promised to feed him. At dusk the next day she ap-
peared with the news that a white man had come to the camp and wanted to buy him. He returned
with her to camp to find a French trader on his way to Fort Mobile. He was duly delivered to the
trader, who later told him that he was on friendly terms with the Indians, and seeing their tomahawks
buried in the tree rightly interpreted the circumstance to mean that a white man was to be killed and
had determined to secure his release. This he had done at a cost of thirty horses. He conducted
Bouchie into the vicinity of an English fort and then disappeared. Bouchie was arrested as a spy by the
English and kept in confinement until the fort later fell into the hands of the French, when he made
his way back to Vincennes and married Mrs. Cardinal's daughter, residing here till his death, leaving
numero'us respectable descendants. I

V1NUENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

H
U

Croghan's Journal is authority for the state-
ment that "in 1765 the total number of French
families within the limits of the Northwestern
territory (comprising the settlements about De-
troit, those near the Wabash and the colony in
the neighborhood of Fort Chartres), did mot

probably exceed six hundred. Of these fami-
lies about eighty or ninety resided at Post Vin-
cennes."

Pursuant to a policy of conciliation adopted
toward its Canadian subjects with a view to
the approaching colonial troubles, and in re-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

sponse to a memorial presented by the inhabi-
tants of Quebec, the government of that colony
was made commensurate with its former boun-
daries under the French regime. This included
"all the upper countries, known under the
names of Michilimackinac, Detroit, and other
adjacent places as far as the Mississippi." And
thus the inhabitants of Vincennes again passed
under the government of the French (now ow-
ing allegiance to Great Britain) colony of Que-
bec. By an act of parliament, passed in 1774,
the British government guaranteed the French
inhabitants "the free exercise of their religion
and to the Catholic clergy those rigthts which
were agreeable to the articles of capitulation
at the time of the surrender of Canada and its
dependencies." The same act of parliament
removed from the French inhabitants the ob-
ligation of trial by jury in civil cases, to which
they exhibited a great antipathy.

Tthis act was viewed with alarm and jealousy
by the English colonists, who saw in it an ef-
fort to enlist the sympathies of the French sub-
jects of Great Britain in behalf of that country
in the event of war. And in fact their estimate
of its design and effect were by no means with-
out foundation, as the French colonists, in the
early days of the war, ardently supported the
British government, and we are told that "at
the French settlements northwest of the Ohio
Indian war parties were often supplied with
arms and ammunition and sent to assail the
western frontiers of the English colonies."

In 1775, Louis Viviat, a merchant of the Illi-
nois country, began negotiations with the Pian-
keshaw Indians for the purchase of two large
tracts of land lying on both side of the Wa-
bash, one north of Vincennes and reaching as
far south as "Point Coupee (about twelve
leagues above Post St. "Vincent," the other from
the "mouth of White river, where it empties it-
self Into the Wabash (about twelve leagues be-
low Post St. Vincent), then down the Ouabache
river, by the several courses thereof, until it
empties itself into the Ohio river/' These two
tracts were to extend on the Illinois side of the
river thirty leagues back and on the Indiana
side forty leagues "(the intedmediate space of
twemty-four leagues, or thereabouts, between
point Coupee and the mouth of the "White river
aforesaid, being reserved for the use of the in-
habitants of Post St. Vincent aforesaid, with
the same width or breadth on both sides of the
Ouabache river, as is hereby granted in the

two other several tracts of land above bound-
ed and described.)"

The negotiations conducted by Viviat were
on behalf of an association) called the "Wabash
Land Co.," and were conducted with eleven
Piankeshaw chiefs. A deed conveying this im-
mense and wealthy domain was eventually exe-
cuted and delivered, in consideration of "Four
hundred blankets, twenty-two pieces Stroud,
two hundred and fifty shirts, twelve gross of
star gartering, one hundred and twenty pieces
of ribbon, twenty-four pounds of vermillion,
eighteen pairs of velvet housings, one piece of
malton, fifty-two fusils, thirty-five dozen buck-
horn-handle knives, forty dozen couteau knives,
five hundred pounds of brass kettles, ten thous-
and gun flints, six hundred pounds of gun pow-
der, two thousand pounds of lead, four hun-
dred pounds of tobacco, forty bushels of salt,
three thousand pounds of flour, three horses;
also the following quantities of silver ware,
viz: Eleven very large armands, forty wrist-
bands, six wholemoons, six half moons, nine
ear wheels, forty-six large crosses, twenty-nine
hairpipes, sixty pairs of earbobs, twenty dozen
small crosses, twenty dozen nosecrosses and
one hundred and tem doz-en brooches, the re-
ceipt whtreof is hereby acknowledged," etc.
The lands which this deed purported to convey
for this trifling consideration amounted to no
less than 37,497,600 acres and worth to-day, at
a conservative estimate, leaving out of consider-
ation city and town valuations, $1,200,000,000.
The approach of hostilities between the colo-
nists and Great Britain soon after distracted
the attention) of the people from all matters of
this character and it was not until the year 1780
that further steps were taken in reference to
this grant. In that year the Wabasn Land
Company and the Illinois Land Company, an
association that had in a similar manner at-
tempted to grab large holdings in the Illinois
country, consolidated their interests under the
name of the "United Illinois and Wabash Land
Companies," and sought a confirmation of their
several grants at the hands of congress. TheL'
petitions were denied but they kept up the fight
for thirty years, until 1810; to no purpose, how-
ever, as congress refused to acknowledge the
validity and binding force of the grants.

In the month of May, 1777, in response to a
proclamation from Edward J. Abbott, British
commandant many of the inhabitants of Post
Vincennes took the oath of allegiance to Great

VINCEXXES IX PICTURE AXD STORY

Britain. The oath taken was that prescribed
by the British parliament and is as follows:

"I, A. B., do sincerely promise and swear
true allegiance to His Majesty, King George,
and him will defend to the utmost of my power,
against all traitorous conspiracies, and attempts
whatsoever, which shall be made against his
person, crown or dignity; and I will do my ut-
most endeavors to disclose and make known
to his Majesty, his heirs and successors, all
treasons and traitorous conspiracies and at-
tempts, which I shall know to be against him
or any of them; and all this I do swear with-
out any equivocation, mental evasion or secret
reservation; and renouncing all pardons and
dispensations from any power or person to the
contrary. So help me God."

It was about this time that Lieutenant Gov-
ernor Hamilton began to send from Detroit
messages and proclamations to the various
French trading posts within the territory north-
west of the Ohio river as well as to the various
Indian villages within the same territory, de-
signed to incite a border warfare against the
frontier settlers in Kentucky, Ohio and Penn-
sylvania. In these proclamations Governor
Hamilton offered rewards for scalps and gave
no encouragement to the Indians to bring in
prisoners. Hence, it often happened the In-
dians would take prisoners on their forays
and compel them to carry the plunder they
stole into the vicinity of the English post and
then tomahawk and scalp them in order to
claim the hellish reward.

CHAPTER IV.

EXPEDITION OF COL. GEORGE ROGERS
CLARK.

In the spring and summer of 1778 was or-
ganized, chiefly in Kentucky, an expedition
fraught with the most important consequences

COL. GEORGE ROGERS CLARK

From an OifPainfing in Vincennes University Chapel.

to the country northwest of the Ohio, and in-
deed to the entire country in rebellion, and hav-
ing its culmination in the capture of Vin-
cennes by a small band of hardy frontiersmen,
after incredible suffering and hardship, under
the leadership of the gallant and daring Col.
George Rogers Clark.*

George Rogers Clark, a young man of
only 25 years, conceived the daring en-
terprise of marching through the wilder-
ness to Kaskaskia and Vincennes and captur-
ing those posts from the British, who he knew
to be responsible for the depredations from
which the frontier settlements had suffered so
greatly. Securing authority from Governor

*George Rogers Clark, the hero of this expedition, on whose valiant deeds rested the demands of
of the Americans for the cession of the territory northwest of the Ohio, comprising the States of Illi-
nois, Indiana and Michigan , was born in Albemarle County. Va., November 19, 1752. His middle name
was his mother's patronymic. He was of prominent family on both sides of the house, both the Clarks
and the Rogerses being people of wealth and influence. Several on both sides gained distinction in the
revolutionary war. One brother of George Rogers became a lieutenant colonel in the Continental armies.
The birthplace of George Rogers Clark was two miles east of Charlottsville, and one and a half miles
from Monticello, the home of Jefferson in later life, and two and a half miles northeast of Shadwell,
where Jefferson was born. They were doubtless playmates in boyhood, and certain it is that in later
life Jefferson retained the strongest attachment and friendship for Clark. Like the Father of his Coun-
try, young Clark became a surveyor, and in 1771, at 'the age of nineteen years, crossed the mountains for
the purpose of following his vocation and also with a view to locating some lands for himself. He lo-
cated a claim In Ohio, twenty-five or thirty miles below the present site of Wheeling, and spent sev-
eral years In its vicinity, making occasional visits home, carrying glowing accounts of the country,
which did much to induce immigration thither. Unconsciously he was fitting himself for the brilliant
career that was in store for him. The situation of the settlers In this part of the territory was very un-
satisfactory, owing to a doubt which existed as to whether or not they owed allegiance to, and were en-
titled to the protection of, the State of Virginia. To settle this point Clark, in 1776. agitated the ques-
tion and called a meeting at Harrodsburg. Ky. Clark was elected as one of two delegates to represent
the settlements in the Virginia House of Delegates. This was not exactly what Clark had had in mind,
but he determined to accept. The journey to Williamsburg. then capital of Virginia, began shortly after-

YIXOEXXES IX PICTURE AND STORY

Patrick Henry, of Virginia, to organize a force
and proceed according to bis proposed plan
Clark proceeded to Kentucky and began to re-
cruit bis force, leaving arrangements for a part
of his proposed army of 350 to be recruited
in Virginia. Almost every conceivable obstacle
presented itself to prevent realization of his
hopes. Of the four companies he expected from
Virginia but one arrived. On learning to what
region they were bound these deserted, almost
to a man. So that when he got ready to start
he could muster less than half the proposed
number. Nothing daunted, however, and with
a merve and determination such as mark the
truly great commander, he struck into the wil-
derness, headed for Kaskaskia.

Limitations of space forbid our giving an
account of the march of Col. Clark to Kas-
kaskia and its easy capture, 'however in-
teresting it would prove. It must suffice to
say that departing on the 24th of June, 1778,
he passed from Louisville down the Ohio
river, leavinig it at a point a short distance
above Fort Messac, which stood near the pres-
ent little city of Metropolis, 111.; that he se-
cured guides and made an uneventful march
across the country, arriving at Kaskaskia on
the evening of the Fourth of July, and by

great tract and address succeeded in getting his
men over the river and taking the British gar-
rison by surprise, while the inmates were
asleep. Quickly every resident of the town
was disarmed and precautions taken to pre-
vent an alarm being sent to neighboring vil-
lages, should the people of Kaskaskia be so
disposed.

With a great display of severity, Clark threw
a few of the leading citizens of the town into
irons and made threats of dire vengeance
against them should the people transgress his
regulations or show a disposition to aid the
English in any manner, and after he had, as
he conceived, worked them up to a feeling of
distress and fear sufficient for his purposes, he
appeared to relent, on the discovery that their
unfriendliness was due to false allegations and
misrepresentations on the part of the English.
He thus surprised them and gained their con-
fidence in a degree that amounted to enthusi-
asm. This served materially to strengthen his
hands in his approaching campaign against
Vincennes, as we shall see from his own ac-
count. The arrests were made on the morning
of the fifth of July.. Soon afterwards M.
Gibault, the village priest, accompanied by five
or six of his aged parishioners, appeared be-

ward, in company with his colleague. It led through rough and sparsely settled country, full of hostile
Indians. They arrived in November, to find the Legislature adjourned. Clark's colleague returned home
immediately, but Clark, determined to accomplish something toward the end for which he had come to the
capital, called upon the Governor, Patrick Henry. Governor Henry, though sick, received him graciously
and gave him an attentive hearing. Among the things Clark demanded was 500 pounds of gunpowder.
The Governor gave him a letter to the Executive Council, from whom he at first received a denial. By
a skillful combination of threats and diplomacy he finally carried his point and had the satisfaction of
delivering to his harrassed countrymen the powder they so much needed. At this time, though not
twenty-five years of age, Clark had already acquired so strong a hold upon the confidence, respect and
affections of the people of Kentucky that they looked to him as their natural leader in all matters of
public concern.

Clark and his colleague attended the next session of the Virginia Legislature, and, though denied seats
as members of that body, they were permitted to lay their business before it and succeeded in getting
their settlement erected" into the County of Kentucky. Clark early discovered that the troubles of the fron-
tier colonists were largely due to the commandants of the British posts in Illinois and Indiana, and de-
termined on their reduction, but kept his plans to himself. In the summer of 1777 he had sent two young
hunters as spies, with specific Instructions, to Kaskaskia, to learn the strength of the garrison and such
other information as would be of value, but without Imparting to them his designs. The information re-
ceived was most satisfactory and made Clark all the more anxious to undertake the enterprise. While
In attendance on the Legislature, in 1777. he used his eyes and ears to the best advantage aud finally,
at an opportune moment, laid his plans before Governor Henry. The latter was pleased with the
Idea and brought Clark's plan to the attention of the Council, where it was so warmly received that he
had little trouble In getting matters adjusted, and on the second day of January, 1778, he received his
"instructions, 1,200 Virginia paper currency, and an order on Pittsburg for boats, ammunition, etc."

After the events 'related in this narrative relative to the expedition against Kaskaskia and Vin-
cennes. Clark did further honorable service to his country, but seems to have been the subject of bitter
animosity and to have been frequently misunderstood and misrepresented, and It is a grief to relate that
he died at the home of a sister near Louisville, deprived of the rights his services to Virginia and
the whole country sholud have made them glad to grant him. Moneys withheld from him for many years
when he was a feeble, impoverished old man, were paid his heirs after his death. Retiring to a cabin
on his grant of lands north of the Ohio, near Louisville, In the platted town of Clarksville, he lived alone
for many years, save for occasional visits of old friends. Here, ft is pitiable to relate, he fell into habits
of great dissipation, and here when alone one day about the year 1808, he suffered a stroke of paralysis
and fell so near the fire that his left leg was burned to such an extent as to render its amputation
necessary. Though he lived for ten years after that date, he never walked again. His left leg gone
and his right one paralyzed, he was a helpless cripple. He was taken to the home of his sister, wife of
Major Craghan, near Louisville, where he spent the remainder of his life, dying February 13, 1818. It
is related that on the occasion of the amputation of his leg, anaesthetics being unknown, at the re-
quest of Clark music on drums and fifes was played, to which Clark kept time. When the music
ceased he asked, "Well, is it off?" having apparently been unconscious of the operation.

VINCBNNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Photo by Shores.

VINCENNES ON A CIRCUS DAY. 3 Views at 2d and Main

fore Col. ' Clark and
stated that as the in-
habitants expected to
be separated, perhaps
never to meet again, it
was their desire that
habitants expected to be
meet at their church
and bid each other fare-
well. Disclaiming any
desire or intention to in-
terfere in any manner
with their religion or
worship. Clark gave
the permission sought,
but warned them not to
attempt to leave the vil-
lage. At the close of
the meeting a deputa-
tion headed by the
good priests again
waited upon Col. Clark.
They stated that "their
present situation was
the fate of war, and
that they could submit
to the loss of their prop-
erty, but they solicited
that they might not be
separated from their
wives and children, and
that some clothes and
provisions might be al-
lowed for their sup-
port." Feigning great
surprise at this prayer
of the affrighted popu-
lace, Clark exclaimed,
as he says in his me-
morial: "Do you mis-
take us for savages? I
am almost certain you
do from your language.
Do you think Ameri-
cans intend to strip
women and children
and take the bread
out of their mouths T'
"My countrymen," con-
tinued he, "disdain to
make war on helpless
innocence. It was
to prevent the hor-
rors of Indian butch-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

ery upon our wives and children that we have
taken arms and penetrated into this remote
stronghold of British and Indiani barbarity, and
not the despicable prospect of plunder. Now
that the King of France had united his power-
ful armies with those of America, the war
would not, in all probability, continue long, but
the inhabitants of Kaskaskia were at liberty
to take which side they pleased, without the
least danger to either their property or their
families. Nor would their religion be any
source of disagreement, as all religions were
regarded with equal respect in the eye of the
American law, and that any insult offered it
would be immediately punished. And now, to
prove my sincerity, you will please inform your
fellow citizens that they are quite at liberty
to conduct themselves as usual, without the
least apprehension. I am mow convinced, from
what I have learned since my arrival among
you. that you have been misinformed and pre-
judiced against us by the British officers; and
your friends who are in confinement shall be
immediately released." The result of this
stroke of policy on) the part of the brilliant
young officer was electric. The gloom that
had overspread the village was dissipated in an
instant; the news of the Franco- American
treaty, added to Clark's magnanimous conduct,
induced the imhabitants quickly to take the
oath of allegiance to the State of Virginia.
Their arms were restored to them and a volun-
teer company of French militia was immedi-
ately placed at Clark's disposal and accom-
panied Captain Bowman when he marched to
the capture of Cahokia.

CHAPTER V.

OLARK MAKES PREPARATIONS TO SE-
CURE YINCENNES.

"Post Vincennes never being out of my
mind," says Clark, "and from some things that
I had learned, I had some reason to suspect
that M.. Gibault, the priest, was inclined to the
American interest previous to our arrival in
the country. He had great influence over the
people at this period, and Post Vincennes was
under his jurisdiction. I made no doxibt of his
integrity to us. I sent for him und had a long
conference with him on the subject of Post
Vincennes. In answer to all my queries, he
informed me that he did mot think it worth my
while to cause any military preparation to be
made at the Falls of the Ohio for the attack

of Post Vincennes, although the place was
strong, and a great number of Indians in its
neighborhood, who, to his knowledge, were
generally at war that Governor Abbott had,
a few weeks before, left the place on some
business to Detroit that he expected that
whem the inhabitants were fully acquainted
with what 'had passed at the Illinois, and the
present happiness of their friends, and made
fully acquainted with the nature of the war,
that their sentiments would greatly change
that he knew that his appearance there would
have great weight, even among the savages
that if it was agreeable to me he would take
this business on himself, and had no doubt of
his being able to bring that place over to the
American interest without my being at the
trouble of marching against it that his busi-
ness being altogether spiritual, he wished that
another person might be charged with the
temporal part of the embassy, but that he
would privately direct the whole; and he named
Doctor Lafont as his associate.

"This was perfectly agreeable to what I had
been secretly aimimg at for some days. The
plan was immediately settled, and the two
doctors, with their intended retinue, among
whom I had a spy, set about preparing for
their journey and set out on the 14th of July,
with an address to the inhabitants of Post
Vincenes, authorizing them to garrison their
own town themselves, which would convince
them of the great confidence we put- in them,
etc. All this had its desired effect. Mr.
Gibault and his party arrived safe, and, after
spending a day or two in explaining matters
to the people, they universally acceded to the
proposal, (except a few emissaries left by Mr.
Abbott, who immediately left the country),
and went in a body to the church, where the
oath of allegiance was administered to them in
the most solemn manner. An officer was elect-
ed, the fort immediately garrisoned, and the
American flag displayed, to the astonishment
of the Indians, and everything settled far be-
yond our most sanguine hopes. The people
here began to put on a new face, and to talk
in a different style, and to act as perfect free-
men. With a garrison of their own, with the
United States at their elbow, their language
to the Indians was immediately altered. They
began as citizens of the United States, and in-
formed the Indians that their old father, the
King of France, was come to life again, an<7

VIXCEXXES IX PICTURE AXD STORY

was mad at them for fighting for the English,
that they would advise them to make peace
with the Americans as soon as they could,
otherwise they might expect the land to be
very bloody, etc. The Indians began to think
seriously. Throughout the country this was
generally the language they got from their an-
cient friends of the Wabasli and Illinois.

"Through the means of their correspondence
spreading among the nations, our batteries be-
gan now to play in a proper channel. Mr. Gi-
bault and party, accompanied by several gentle-
men of Post Vincennes, returned to Kaskaskia,

POST OFFICE. Rural Carriers Ready to Start

about the first of August, with the joyful news.
During his absence on this business, which
caused great anxiety in me, (for without the
possession of the post all our views would
have been blasted), I was exceedingly engag-
ed in regulating things in the Illinois. The re-
duction of these posts was the period of the
enlistment of our troops. I was nt a great loss
at this time to determine how to act, and how
far I might venture to strain my authority. My
instructions were silent on many important
points, as it was impossible to fors'ee the
events that would take place.

"To abandon the country, and all the prospects
that opened to our view in the Indian depart-

ment at this tUne, for the want of instruction
in certain cases, I thought, would amount to a
reflection on government, as having no confi-
dence in me. I resolved to usurp all the author-
ity necessary to carry my points. I had the
greater part of our (troop) re-enlisted on a dif-
ferent establishment commissioned French of-
ficers in the country to command a company of
the young inhabitants; established a garrison
at Cahokia, commanded by Captain Bowman;
and another at Kaskaskia, commanded by Cap-
tain Williams. Post Vincennes remained in the
situation as mentioned.

"Col. William
Linn, who had ac-
companied us a
volunteer, took
charge of a party
that was to be
dis c h a r g e d on
their arrival at
the Falls, and or-
ders were sent
for the removal
of that post to
the mainland.
Captain John
Montgomery was
dispatched to
government with
letters. * * * I
again turned my
attention to Post
Vincennes. I
plainly saw that
It would be high-
ly necessary, to
have an Ameri-
can o tH c e r at

that post. Captain Leonard Helm appeared
calculated to answer my purpose; he was past
the meridian of life, and a good deal acquainted
with the Indian! (disposition). I sent him to
command at that post; and also appointed him
agent for Indiana affairs in the department of
the Wabash. * * * About the middle of August
he set out to take possession of his new com-
mand.

"An Indian chief called the Tobacco's Son, a
Piankeshaw, at this time resided in) a village
adjoining Post Vincennes.

"This mam was called by the Indians, 'The
Grand Door to the Wabash;' and as nothing of
consequence was to be undertaken by the

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

league om the Wabash without his assent, I dis-
covered that to win him was an object of sig-
nal importance.

"I sent him a spirited compliment by Mr.
Gibault; he returned it. I now by Captain
Helm, touched him on the same spring that I
had done the inhabitants, and sent a speech
with a belt of wampum; directing Captain
Helm how to manage, if the chief was pacific-
ally inclined, or otherwise. The captain arrived
safe at Post Vincennes, and was received with
acclamations by the people. After the usual
ceremony was over, he sent for the Grand
Door, and delivered my letter to him. After
having it read, 'he informed the captain that he
\\jas happy to see him, one of the Big Knife
chiefs, in- this town It was here that he had
joined the English against him; but as the
contents of the letter was a matter of great
moment, he could not give an answer for some
time that he must collect his counselors on
the subject; and was in hopes the captain
would be patient.

"In short, he put on all the courtly dignity that
he was master of; and Captain Helm, following
his example, it was several days before this
business was finished, as the whole proceeding
was very ceremonious. At length the captain
was incited to the Indian council, and informed
by the Tobacco that they had maturely con-
sidered the case in hand, and had got the
nature of the war between the English and us
explained to their satisfaction; that, as we
spoke the same language, and appeared to be
the same people, he always thought that he
was in the dark as to the truth of it; but now
the sky was cleared up; that he found that the
Big Knife was in the right: that perhaps, if the
English conquered, they would serve them in
the same manner they had intended to serve
us; that his ideas were quite changed; and that
he would tell all the people on the Wabash to
bloody the land no more for the English. He
jumped up, struck his breast, called himself a
man and a warrior, said that now he was a Big
Knife, and took Captain Helm by the hand.
His example was followed by all present, and
the evening was spent in merriment. Thus
ended this valuable negotiation, and the saving
of much blood. * * * In a short time, almost
the whole of the various tribes of the different
nations along the Wabash, as high as the
Ouiatenon, came to Post Vincennes and fol-
lowed the example of the Grand Door chief;

and as expresses were continually passing be-
tween Captain Helm and myself the whole
time of these treaties, the business was settled
to my satisfaction and greatly to the advantage
of the public. The British interest daily lost
ground in this quarter, and in a short time our
influence reached the Indians on the river St.
Joseph, and the border of Lake Michigan!. The
French gentleman at the different posts that
we now had possession of, engaged warmly in
our interest. They appeared to vie with each
other in promoting the business; and through
the means of their correspondence, trading
among the Indians, and otherwise, in a short
time, the Indians of the various tribes inhabit-
ing the region of Illinois, came in great num-
bers to Cahokia, in order to make treaties of
peace with us. From the information they gen-
erally got from the French gentlemen (whom
they implicitly believed) respecting us they
were truly alarmed; and, consequently, we
were visited by the greater part of them with-
out any invitation from us: of course we had
greatly the advantage, in making use of such
language as suited our (interest). Those treaties
which commenced about the last of August,
and continued between three and foiyr weeks,
were probably conducted in a way different
from any other known in America at that time.
I had been always convinced that our general
conduct with the Indians was wrong; that in-
viting them to treaties was considered by them
in a different manner to what we expected, and
imputed, by them, to fear; and that giving
them great presents confirmed it. I resolved
to guard against this, and I took great pains
to make myself acquainted fully with the
French and Spanish methods of treating In-
dians, and with the manners, gen'ius, and dis-
position of the Indians in general. As in this
quarter they had not been spoiled by us, I was
resolved that they should not be. I began the
business fully prepared, having copies of the
British treaties."

At the first great council, which was opened
at Cahokia, am Indian chief with a belt of peace
in his hand, advanced to the table at which
Colonel Clark was sitting; another chief, bear-
ing the sacred pipe of the tribe, went forward
to the table; and a third chief then advanced
with fire to kindle the pipe. When the pipe
was lighted it was figuratively presented to the
heavens, then to the earth, anfl then to all the
good spirits; thus invoking the heavens, the

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

earth and all the good spirits to witness what
was about to be done. After the observance of
thes*e forms, the pipe was presented to Clark,
and afterward to every person present. An
Indian speaker then! addressed the Indians as
follows: "Warriors, you ought to be thankful
that the Great Spirit has taken pity on you, and
cleared the sky and opened your ears and
hearts, so that you may hear the truth. We
have been deceived by bad birds flying through
the land; but we will take up the bloody
hatchet no more against the Big Knife; and

existence as a nation, depended, etc., and dis-
missed them not suffering any of our people
to shake hands with them, as peace was not
concluded, telling them it was time enough to
give the hand when the heart could be given
also. They replied that 'such sentiments were
like men who had but onto heart, and did not
speak with a double tongue.' The next day I
delivered them the following speech: 'Men and
Warriors! pay attention to my words. You in-
formed me yesterday that the Great Spirit had
brought us together, and that you hoped, as He

POST-OFFICE, POSTMASTER AND EMPLOYES

we hope as the Great Spirit has brought us to-
gether for good, as He is good, that we may be
received as friends, and that the belt of peace
may take the place of the bloody belt."

"I informed them," says Clark, "that I had
paid attention to what they had said; and that
on the next day I would give them an answer,
when I hoped the ears and hearts of the peo-
ple would be open to receive the truth, which
should be spoken without deception. I advised
them to keep themselves prepared for the re-
sult of this day, on which perhaps their very

was good, that it would be for good. I have
also the same hope, and expect that each party
will strictly adhere to whatever may be agreed
upon whether it be peace or war and hence-
forward prove ourselves worthy the attention
of the Great Spirit. I am a man and a war-
rior not a counselor. I carry war in my
riglit hand, and in my left, peace. I am sent by
the great council of the Big Knife, and their
friends, to take possession of all the towns pos-
sessed by the English in this country; and to
watch the motions of the red people; to bloody

YIXCEXXES IX PICTURE AND STORY

the paths of those who attempt to stop the
river; but to clear the roads from us to those
who desire to be in peace, that the women and
children may walk in them without meeting
anything to strike their feet against. I am or-
dered to call upon the Great Fire for warriors
enough to darken the land, and that the red
people may hear no sound, but of birds who
live on blood. I know there is a mist before
your eyes. I will dispel the clouds, that you
may clearly see the cause of the war between
the Big Knife and the English; then you may
judge for yourselves which party is in the
right. And if you are warriors as you profess
to be, prove it by adhering faithfully to the
party which you shall believe to be entitled to
your friendship, and not show yourselves to the
squaws.

"The Big Knives are very much like the Red
People; they don't know how to make blankets,
and powder, and cloth. They buy these things
from the English from whom they are sprung.
They live by making corn, hunting arid trade,
as you and your neighbors, the French, do.
But the Big Knives, daily getting more numer-
ous, like the trees in the woods, the land be-
came poor, and hunting scarce; and having but
little to trade with, the women began to cry at
seeing their children naked, and tried to learn
how to make clothes for themselves. They soon
made blankets for their husbands and children
and tne men learned to make guns and powder.
In this way we did not want to buy so much
from the English. They then got mad with us
and sent strong garrisons through our country;
as you 'see they have done among you on the
lakes and among the French. They would not
let our women spin, nor oitr men make powder,
nor let us trade with anybody else. The Eng-
lish said we should buy everything from them;
and, since we had got saucy, we should pay two
bucks for a blanket, which we used to get for
one; we should do as they pleased; and they
killed some of our people to make the rest fear
them. This is the truth and the real cause of
the war between the English and us, which did
not take place for some time after this treat-
ment. But our women became hungry and
cold, and continued to cry. Our young men got
lost for want of counsel to put them in the
right path. The whole land was dark. The old
men held down their heads for shame, because
they could not see the sun; and thus there was

mourning for many years over the land. At
last the Great Spirit took pity on us, and kin-
dled a great council fire, that never goes out,
at a place called Philadelphia. He then stuck
uown a post and put a war tomahawk by it,
and went away. The sun immediately broke
out; the sky was blue again: and the old men
held up their heads and assembled at the fire.
They took up the hatchet, sharpened it, and
put it into the hands of our young men, ordered
them to strike the English as long as they
could find one on this side of the great waters.
The young men immediately struck the war
post and blood was shed. In this way the war
began; and the English were driven from one
place to another until they got weak, and then
they hired you Red People to fight for them.
The Great Spirit got angry at this, and caused
your old father, the French king, and other
great nations, to join the Big Knives and fight
with them against all their enemies. So the
English have become like deer in the woods;
and you may see that it is the Great Spirit that
has caused your waters to be troubled, because
you have fought for the people he was mad
with. If your women and children' should now
cry, you must blame yourselves for it and not
the Bi^ Knives.

"Yon can now judge who is in the right. I
have already told you who I am. Here is a
bloody belt and a white one; take which you
please. Behave like men; and don't let your
being surrounded by Big Knives, cause you to
take up the one belt with your hands while
your hearts take up the other. If you take the
bloody path, you shall leave the town> in safety,
and may go and join your friends the English.
We \vill then try, like warriors, who can put
the most stumbling blocks in each other's way,
and keep our clothes longest stained with
blood. If on the other hand you should take
the path of peace, and be received as brothers
to the Big Knives, with their friends, the
French, should you them listen to bad birds
flying through the land, you will no longer de-
serve to be counted as men, but as creatures
with two tongues that ought to be destroyed
without listening to anything you might say.
As I am convinced you never heard the truth
before, I do not wish you to answer before you
have taken time to counsel. We will, therefore,
part this evening; and when the Great Spirit
shall bring us together again, let us speak and

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

think like men with but one heart and one
tongue.

"The n<ext day after this speech, a new fire
was kindled with more than usual ceremony:

paid great attention to what the Great Spirit
had put into my heart to say to them. They
believed the whole to be the truth; as the Big
Knives did not speak like amy other people

c/3

z <

o-
5

an Indian speaker came forward and paid,
'they ought to be thankful that the Great
Spirit had taken pity on them, and opened their
ears and hearts to receive the truth.' He had

they had ever heard. They now saw they had
been deceived, and that the English had told
them lies, and that I had told them the truth
just as some of their old men had always told

VINOBNNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

them. They now believed that we were in
the right; and as the English had forts in their
country, they might, if they got strong enough,
want to serve the Red People as they had
treated the Big Knives. The Red People ought,
therefore, to help us; and they had with a
cheerful heart taken up the belt of peace and
spurned that of war. They were determined
to iiold the former fast; and they would have
no doubt of our friendship from the manner of
our speaking so different from that of the
English.

"They would now call in their warriors and
throw the tomahawk into the river, where it
could never be found. They would suffer no
more bad birds to fly through the land, dis-
quieting the women and children. They would
be careful to smooth the roads for their
brothers, the Big Knives, whenever they might
wish to come to see them. Their friends should
hear of the good talk I had given them, and
they hoped I would send chiefs among them,
with my eyes, to see myself that they were
men, and strictly adhered to all they had said
at this great fire, which the Great Spirit had
kindled at Cahokia, for the good of all people
who would attend it."

The sacred pipe was again' kindled and pre-
sented, figuratively, to the heavens and the
earth and to all the good spirits, as a witness
of what they had done. The Indians and the
white men then closed the council, by smoking
the pipe and shaking hands. With no material
variation either of the forras that were ob-
served or of the speeches that were made, at
this council, Colonel Clark and his officers con-
cluded treaties of peace with the Piankeshaws,
Ouiatenons, Kickapoos, Illinois, Kaskaskias,
Peorias, and branches of some other tribes that
inhabited the country between Lake Michigan
and the Mississippi.

CHAPTER VI.

VINCENNES CAPTURED BY GOV. HAMIL-
TONCLARK MAKES PREPARATIONS
TO MARCH AGAINST THE POST.

Clark had acquainted Governor Henry with
the happy result of his expedition against

Kaskaskia and the other settlements in the Illi-
nois. In view of the fact that the French in-
habitants of Kashaskia, Cahokia and Post
Vincennes had taken the oath of allegiance to
the State of Virginia, the legislative assembly
of that state, in October, 1778, passed an act
erecting the country northwest of the Ohio into
a county to be known as Illinois County, and
the governor was empowered to appoint a
county lieutenant or commander-in-chief, "dur-
ing pleasure, who shall appoint and commission
as many deputy commandants, militia officers
and commissaries as he shall think proper in
the different districts, during pleasure; all of
whom, before they enter into office, shall take
the oath of fidelity to this commonwealth, and
the oath of office, according to the form of
their own religion." Provision* was made for
the election of all necessary civil officers by the
inhabitants in their respective districts, for
which purpose they should be convened by the
county lieutenant or his deputy.

Before the provisions of this law were carried
into effect, Henry Hamilton, the British lieu-
tenant-governor of Detroit, collected a force
consisting of about thirty regulars, fifty French
volunteers and 400 Indians and passing down
the Wabash took possession of Post Vincennes
on the 15th of December, 1778, the inhabitants
of the town making no resistance and Captain
Helm being powerless. Captain Helm was de-
tained a prisoner and the French inhabitants
disarmed.*

Clark's position at Kaskaskia now became
perilous. Detached parties of hostile Indians
began to appear in the neighborhood of his
forces in the Illinois. Realizing his position, he
recalled Bowman from Cahokia to Kaskaskia,
and began a serious consideration of measures
to meet the exigencies of his situation. His
memoir now continues:

"I could see," says Clark, "but little proba-
bility of keeping possession of the country, as
my number of men were too small to stand a
siege, and my situation too reniote to call for
assistance. I made every preparation I pos-
sibly could for the attack and was necessitated
to set fire to some houses in town to clear them

*Butler's History of Kentucky relates the following anecdote as to what took place at the fort:
"When Governor Hamilton entered Vincennes there were hut two Americans there, Capt. Helm, the
commandant ond one Henry. The latter had a cannon well charged and placed in the open gate of
the fort, while Helm stood by with a lighted match in his hand. When Hamilton and his troops got
within nailing distance, the American officer, in a loud voice, called out 'Halt!' This stopped the move-
ments of Hamilton, who, in reply, demanded a surrender of the garrison. Helm exclaimed, with an
oath. 'No man shall enter until I know the terms." Hamilton answered, 'You shall have the honors of
war,' and then the fort was surrendered, with its garrison of one officer and one private."

VINCENXES IN PICT ORE AND STORY

out of the way. But on the 29th of January,
1771), in the height of the hurry, a Spanish mer-
chant (Francis Vigo) who had been* at Post
Vincennes, arrived and gave the following in-
telligence: That Mr. Hamilton had weakened
himself by sending his Indians against the
frontiers, and to block up the Ohio; that he had
ntt more than eighty men in garrison, three
pieces of cannon and some swivels mounted;
that the hostile Indians were to meet at Post
Vincennes in the spring, drive us out of Illi-
nois and attack the Kentucky settlements, in a
body, joined by their southern friends; that all
the goods were taken from the merchants of
Post Vincennes for the king's use; that the
troops under Hamilton were repairing the fort,
and expected a reinforcement from Detroit in
the spring; that they appeared to have plenty
of all kinds of stores; that they were strict in

'Photo by Shores.

mediately make our way good to Kentucky we
were convinced that before we could raise a
force even sufficient to save that country, it
would be too late, as all the mem in it, joined
by the troops we had, would not be sufficient,
and to get timely succor from the interior was
out of the question. We saw but one alterna-
tive, which was to attack the enemy in their
quarters. If we were fortunate it would save
the whole. If otherwise, it would be nothing
more than what would certainly be the conse-
quence if we should not make the attempt.

"These and many other similar reasons, in-
duced us to resolve to attempt the enterprise,
which rnet with the approbation of every indi-
vidual belonging to us.

"Orders were immediately issued for prepara-
tions. The whole country took fire at the alarm,
and every order was executed with cheerful-

THE WE SEVEN

their diciplinte, but he did not believe they were
under much apprehension of a visit; and be-
lieved, that if we could get there undiscovered,
we might take the place. In short, we got
every information from this gentleman that we
could wish for, as he had had good opportuni-
ties and had taken great pains to inform him-
self with a design to give intelligence.

"We now viewed ourselves in a very critical
situation in a manner cut off from any inter-
course between us and the United States. We
knew that Governor Hamilton, in the spring,
by a junction of his northern and southern In-
dians, (which he had prepared for) would be
at the head of such a force that nothing in this
quarter could withstand his arms that Ken-
tucky must immediately fall: and well if the
desolation would end there. If we could im-

ness by every description of inhabitants pre-
paring provisions, encouraging volunteers, etc.,
etc., and as we had plenty of stores, every man
was completely rigged with what he could de-
sire to withstand the coldest weather. * * *
To convey our artillery and stores, it was con-
cluded to send a vessel around by water, so
strong that she might force her way. A large
Mississippi boat was immediately purchased,
and completely fitted out as a galley, mounting
two four-pounders, and four large swivels. She
was manned by forty-six men under the com-
mand of Captain John Rogers.. He set sail on
the 4th of February, with orders to force his
way up the Wabash as high as W T hite river, and
to secrete himself until further orders: but if
he found himself discovered, to do the enemy
all the damage he could, without running too

VINCENNES IX PICTURE AND STORY

great a risk of losing his vessel, and not to
leave the river until he was out of hope of our
arrival by land. We had great dependence on
this galley. She was far superior to anything
the enemy could tit out without building a ves-
sel; and at the worst, it' we were discovered,
we could build a number of large pirogues,
such as they possessed, to attend her, and with
such a little fleet, perhaps, pester the enemy
very much; and if we saw it our interest, force
a lauding; at any rate it would be some time
before they could be a match for us on the
water.

"Everything being ready, on the 5th of Febru-
ary, after receiving a lecture and absolution
from the priest, we crossed the Kaskaskia
river with one hundred and seventy men
marched about three miles and encamped,
where we lay until the 7th, and set out. The
weather wet, but fortunately not cold for
the season, and a great part of the plains under
water several inches deep; it was difficult and
very fatiguing marching. My object now was
to keep the men in spirits. I suffered them to
shoot game on all occasions; and feast on it
like Indian war-dancers each company by
turns inviting the others to their feasts, which
was the case every night, as the company that
was to give the feast was always supplied with
horses to lay up a sufficient store of wild meat
in the course of the day myself and principal
officers putting on the woodsman now and then,
and running as much through the mud and
water as any of them. Thus, insensibly, with-
out a murmur, were those men led on to the
banks of the Little Wabash, which we reached
on the thirteenth through incredible difficulties,
far surpassing anything that any of us had
^ver experienced. Frequently the diversions of
the night wore off the thoughts of the preced-
ing day. We formed a camp on a height which
we found on the bank of the river, and suffered
our troops to amuse themselves. I viewed this
sheet of water for some time with distrust,
without holding any consultation about it or
suffering anybody else to do so in my presence,
ordered a pirogue to be built immediately, and
acted as though crossing the water would be
only a piece of diversion. As but few could
work at the pirogue, at a time, pains were
taken to find diversion for the rest, to keep
them in spirits. * * * In the evening of the
14th. our little vessel was finished, manned,
and sent to explore the drowned lands on the

opposite side of the Little Wabash, with pri-
vate instructions what report to make, and, if
possible, to find some spot of dry land. They
found about half an acre, and marked the
trees irom thence back to camp, and made a
very favorable report.

"Fortunately, the 15th happened to be a
warm, moist day for the season. The channel
of the river where we lay was about thirty
yards wide. A scaffold was built on the oppo-
site shore (which was about three feet under
water) and our oaggage ferried across, and put
on it; our horses swam across, and received
their loads at the scaffold; by which time the
troops were also brought across, and we be
gan our march through the water. * * *

"By evening we found ourselves encamped
on a pretty height in high spirits; each party
laughing at the other, in consequence of some-
thing that had happened in the course of 'this
ferrying business,' as they called it. A little
antic drummer afforded them great diversion
by floating on his drum, etc. All this was
greatly encouraged; and they really began to
think themselves superior to other men, and
that neither the rivers nor the seasons could
stop their progress. Their whole conversation
now was concerning what they would do when
they got about the enemy. They now began to
view the main Wabash as a creek, and made
no doubt that such men as they were could
find a way to cross it. They wound themselves
up to such a pitch that they soon took Post
Yincennes, divided the spoils, and before bed-
time were far advanced on their route to De-
troit. All this was no doubt pleasing to tliose
of us who had more serious thoughts. * * *

"We were now convinced that the whole of
the low country on the Wabash was drowned,
and that the enemy could easily get to us, if
they discovered us, and wished to risk an
action; if they did not, we made no doubt of
crossing the river by some means or other.
Even if Captain Rogers, with our galley, did
not get to the station agreeable to his appoint-
ment, we flattered ourselves that all would be
well, and marched on in high spirits."

Here follows an extract from the manuscript
journal of Major Bowman:

"February Kith, 1770. .Marched all day
through rain and water. Crossed the Fur
River. Our provisions begin to be short.

"17th. Marched early: crossed several runs
very deep; sent Mr. Kernedy. our commissary,

YINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

with three men, to cross river Embarrass, if
possible, and proceed to a plantation opposite
Post Vinicennes, in order to steal boats or
canoes to ferry us across the Wabash. About
an houv by sun, we got near the river Embar-
rass, found the country all overflown by water.
We strove to find the Wabash. Traveled till
eight o'clock in mud and water, but found no
place to encamp on. Still keep marching on,
but after some time Mr. Kernedy and his party
returned. Found it impossible to cross the
Embarrass River. We found the water falling
from a small spot of ground. Staid there the
remainder of the night. Drizzling and dark
weather.

'Photo by Townsley.

McCarty, with three of his men embarked in
the canoe, and made the next attempt to steal
boats; but he soon returned, having discovered
four large fires about a league distant from
our camp. They seemed to be the fires of
whites and Indians. Immediately Colomel Clark
sent two men in the canoe, down to meet the
galley, with orders to come on day and night
that being our last hope, and (we) starving.
Many of the men were much cast down, par-
ticularly the volunteers. No provision of any
sort, now two days. Hard fortune.

20th. Camp very quiet, but hungry. Some
almost in despair. Many of the Creole volun-
teers talking of returning. Fell to making

A KNOX COUNTY MELON FIELD. Planting Time

"18th At daybreak hear Governor Hamil-
ton's morning gun. Set off, and marched down
the river (Embarrass) saw some fine land.
About two o'clock, came to the bank of the
Wabash; made rafts for four men; to cross and
go up to town and steal boats; but they spent
the day and night in the water to no purpose;
for there was not one foot of dry land to be
found.

"19th. Captain McCarty's company set to
making a canoe; and at three o'clock the four
men returned, after spending the night on some
logs in the water. The canoe finished; Captain

more canoes, when about twelve o'clock^ our
sentry on the river brought. to a boat with five
Frenchmen from the fort, who told us we were
not yet discovered that the inhabitants were
well disposed to us, etc. * * * They informed
us of two canoes they had seen adrift some dis-
tance above us. Ordered that Captain Worth-
ington, with a party, go in search of them.
Returned late, with one only. One of our men
killed a deer, which was brought into camp;
very acceptably.

"21st. At break of day, began to ferry our
men over (the Wabash) in two canoes to a

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

small bill called the Mamelle. Captain
Williams, with two men, went to look for a
passage, and were discovered by two men in
a canoe, but could not fetch them to. The
whole army being over, we thought to get to
town that night, so plunged into the water,
sometimes to the neck, for more than one
league, when we stopped on a hill of the same
name there being no dry land on any side for
many leagues. Our pilots say we cannot get
along that it is impossible. The whole army
being over, we encamped. Rain all this day.
No provisions."

The Memoir of Clark proceeds: "This last
day's march through the water, was far
superior to anything the Frenchmen had any
idea of. They were backward in speaking
said that the nearest land to us was a small
league called Sugar Camp, on the bank of the
river (?). A canoe was sent off, and returned
without finding that we could pass. I went in
her myself, and sounded the water, found it
deep as to my neck. I returned 'with a design
to have the men transported on board the
canoes to the Sugar Camp, which I knew would
spend the whole day and ensuing night, as the
vessels would pass slowly through the bushes.
The loss of so much time, to men half starved,
was a matter of consequence. I would have
given now, a great deal for a day's provision,
or for one of our horses. I returned but slowly
to the troops, giving myself time to think. On
our arrival, all ran to hear what was the re-
port. Every eye was fixed on me. I unfortun-
ately spoke in a serious manner to one of the
officers; the whole were alarmed without know-
ing what I said. I viewed their confusion for
about one minnite whispered to those near me
to do as I did; immediately put some water in
my hand, poured on powder, blackened my
face, gave the war whoop, and marched into
the water without saying a word. The party
gazed, and fell in, one after another, without
saying a word, like a flock of sheep.

"I ordered those near me to begin a favorite
song of theirs; it soon passed through the line
and the whole went on cheerfully. I now in-
tended to have them transported across the
deepest part of the water; but when about
waist deep, one of the men informed me that
he felt a path. We examined, and found it so;
and concluded that it kept on the highest
ground, which it did; and by taking pains to
follow it we got to Sugar Camp without the

least difficulty, where there was about an acre
of dry ground, at least not under water, where
we took up our lodging.

"The Frenchmen that we had taken on the
river appeared to be uneasy at our situation.
They begged that they might be allowed to go
in the two canoes to towm in the night. They
said that they would bring from their own
houses provisions, without a possibility of any
persons knowing it; that some of our men
should go with them, as a security of their
good conduct; that it was impossible we could
march from that place till the water fell, for
the plain was too deep to march. Some of the
(officers) believed that it might be done. I
would not suffer it. I never could well account
for this piece of obstinacy, and give satis-
factory reasons to myself, or to anybody else,
why I denied a proposition apparently so easy
to execute, and of so much .advantage; but
something seemed to tell me that it should not
be done, and it was not done.

"The most of the weather that we had on
this march, was moist and warm, for the sea-
son. This was the coldest niight we had. The
ice, in the morning, was found one-half to
three-quarters of an inch thick, near the shores,
and in still water. The morning was the finest
we had on our march. A little after sunrise
I lectured the whole.. What I said to them I
forget; but it may be easily imagined by a per-
son that could possess my affections for them
at that time. I concluded by informing them
that passing the plain that was then in full
view, and reaching the opposite woods, would
put an end to their fatigue that in a few
hours they would have a sight of their long-
wished-for object and immediately stepped
into the water without waiting for any reply.
A huzza took place. As we generally marched
through the water in a line, before the third
entered, I halted and called to Major Bowman,
ordering him to fall In the rear with twenty-
five men and put to death any man who refused
to march, as we wished to have no such person
among us. The whole gave a cry of approba-
tion, and on) we went. This was the most try-
ing of all the difficulties we had experienced.
I generally kept fifteen or twenty of the strong-
est men next myself; and judged by my own
feelings what must be that of others. Getting
about the middle of the plain the water about
middeep, I found mysolf sensibly failing, and
as there were no trees nor bushes for the men

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

to support themselves by, I feared that many
of the most weak would be drowned. I ordered
the canoes to make the land, discharge their
loading, and play backward and forward with
all diligence, and pick up the men; and to en-
courage the party, sent some of the strongest
men forward with orders, when they got to a
certain distance, to pass the word backward
that the water was getting shallow, and when
getting near the woods to cry out 'Land.' This

built fires. Many would reach the shore and
fall with their bodies half in the water, not be-
ing aole to support themselves without it.

This was a delightful dry spot of ground of
about ten acres. We soon found that the fires
answered no purpose; but that two strong men
taking a weaker one by the arms was the only
way to recover him and being a delightful day
it soon did. But fortunately, as if designed by
Providence, a canoe of Indian squaws and chil-

KNOX COUNTY BAR

stratagem had its desired effect. The men, en-
couraged by it, exerted themselves almost be-
yond their abilities the weak holding by the
stronger. * * * The water never got shallower,
but continued deepening. Getting to the woods,
where the men expected land, the water was
up to my shoulders; but gaining the woods
was of great consequence. All the low men.
and the weakly, hung to the trees and floated
on old logs, until they were taken off by the
canoes. The strong and tall got ashore and

dren was coming up to town, and took through
part of this plain as a nigh way. It was dis-
covered by our canoes as they were out after
the men. They gave chase and took the Indian
canoe, on board of which was near half a quar-
ter of a buffalo, some corn, tallow, kettles, etc.
This was a grand prize and was invaluable.
Broth was immediately made and served out
to the most weakly, with great care; most of
the whole got a little; but a great many gave
their part to the weakly, jocosely saying

VIXCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

something cheering to their comrades. This
little refreshment and tine weather, by the
afternoon, gave new life to the whole. Cross-
ing a narrow, deep lake, in the canoes, and
marching some distance, we came to a copse of
timber called the Warrior's Island * We were
now in full view of the fort and town, not a
shrub between us, at about two miles' dis-
tance. Every man now feasted his eyes, and
forgot that he had suffered anything saying
that all that had passed was owing to good
policy, and nothing but what a man could bear;
and that a soldier had no right to think, etc.
passing from one extreme to another, which
is common in such cases. It was now we had
to display our abilities. The plain between us
and the town was not a perfect level. The
sunken grounds were covered with water full
of ducks. We observed several men out on
horseback, shooting them, about half a mile
from us; and sent out as many of our young
Frenchmen to decoy and take one of them
prisoner, in such a manner as not to alarm the
others, which they did. The information which
we got from this person, was similar to that
which we had got from those we took on the
river, except that of the British having com-
pleted the wall of the fort, and that there was
a good many Indians in town.

CHAPTER VII.
CLARK CAPTURES THE OLD POST.

'"Our situation was now truly critical and
in) full view of a town that had, at this time
upward of six hundred men in it, troops, in-
habitants and Indians. The crew of the galley,
though not fifty men, would have been now a
reinforcement of immense magnitude to our
little army (if I may so call it), but we would
not think of them. We were now in the sit-
uation I had labored to get ourselves in. The
idea of being made prisoners was foreign to
almost every man, as they expected nothing
but torture from the savages, if they fell into
their nands. Our fate was now to be determ-
ined, probably in a few hours. W^ knew that
nothing but the most daring conduct would In-
sure success. I knew that a number of the in-
habitants wished us well that many were
lukewarm to the interest of either and I also
learned that the grand chief, the Tobacco's
son, had, but a few days before, openly de-

clared, in council with the British, that he was
a brother and friend to the Big Knives. These
were favorable circumstances, and as there
was but litle probability of our remaining un-
til dark undiscovered, I determined to begin
the career immediately, and wrote the follow-
ing placard to the inhabitants:

" 'TO THE INHABITANTS OF POST VIN-
CENNES Gentlemen: Being now within two
miles of your village, with my army, determ-
ined to take your fort this night, and not being
willing to surprise you, I take this method to
request such of you as are true citizens, and
willing to enjoy the liberty I bring you, to re-
main still in your houses :and those, if any
there be, that are friends to the king, will in-
stantly repair to the fort, and join the hair-
buyer general, and fight like men. And if any
such as do not go to the fort, shall be discov-
ered afterward, they may depend on severe
punishment. On the contrary, those who are
true friends to liberty may depend on being
well treated; and I once more request them
to keep out of the streets. For every one I
find in arms on my arrival, I shall treat him
as an enemy.

(Signed) 'G. R. CLARK.'

"I had various ideas on the supposed results
of this letter. I knew that it could do us no
damage; but that it would cause the lukewarm
to be decided, encourage our friends and as-
tondsh our enemies.* * * We anxiously viewed
this messenger until he entered the town, and
in a few minutes could discover by our glasses
some stir in every street that we could pene-
trate into, and great numbers runndng or riding
out into the commons, we supposed to view us,
which was the case. But what surprised us
was that nothing had yet happened that had
the appearance of the garrison being alarmed
no drum nor gun. We began to suppose that
the information we got from our prisoners was
false, and that the enemy already knew of
us and were prepared.* * * A little before
sunset we moved and displayed ourselves in
full view of the town crowds gazing at us.
We were plunging ourselves into certain de-
struction, or success. There was no midway
thought of. We had but litle to say to our
men, except inculcating an idea of obedience,
etc. We knew they did not want encouraging,
and that anything might be attempted with

*This island was undoubtedly what is now familiarly known as "Bunker Hill."

VINCENXES IN PICTURE AND STORY

them that was possible with such a number
perfectly cool, under subordination, pleased
with the prospect before them, and much at-
tached to their officers. They all declared that
they were convinced that an implicit obedience
to orders was the only thing that would insure
success, and hoped that no mercy would be
shown the person that should violate them.
Such language as this, from soldxers in, our sta-
tion must have been exceedingly agreeable. We

Fftoto by Shores

best of advantage, and as the low plain we
marched through was not a perfect level, but
had frequent raisings in it seven or eight feet
higher than the common level, (which was cov-
ered with water), and as these raisings gen-
erally run in an oblique direction to the town,
we took the advantage of one of them, march-
ing through the water under it, which com-
pletely prevented our being numbered. But
our colors showed considerably above the

POST H., T. P. A., BASE BALL TEAM

moved on slowly in full view of the town, but,
as it was a point of some consequence to us to
make ourselves appear as formidable, we, in
leaving the covert that we were in, marched
and countermarched in such a manner that we
appeared numerous. In raising volunteers in
the Illinois, every person that set ' about the
business had a set of colors given him. which
they brought with them to the amount of ten
or twelve pairs. These were displayed to the

heights, as they were fixed on long poles pro-
cured for the purpose, and at a distance, made
no despicable appearance, and as our young
Frenchman had, while we lay on the Warrior's
Island, decoyed and taken several fowlers, with
their horses, officers were mounted on these
horses, and rode about more completely to de-
ceive the enemy. In this manner we moved,
and directed our march in such a way as to
suffer it to be dark before we had advanced

VINUEXXES IX PICTURE AXD STORY

more than half way to the town. We then
suddenly altered our direction, and crossed
ponds where they could not have suspected us,
and about eight o'clock gained the heights back
of the town. As there was yet no hostile ap-
pearance, we were impatient to have the cause
unriddled. Lieutenant Bayley was ordered,
with fourteen) men to march and fire on the
fort. The main body moved in a different di-
rection, and took possession of the strongest
part of the town.

"The firing now commenced on the fort, but
they did not believe it was an enemy, until one
one of their mem was shot down through a port,
as drunken Indians frequently saluted the fort
after night. The drums were sounded, and bus-
iness fairly commenced on both sides. Reip-
forcement were sent to the attack of the garri-
son", while other arrangements were makinig in
town. * * * We now found that the garrison
had known nothing of us; that, having finished
the fort that evening, they had amused them-
selves at different games, and had just retired
before my letter arrived, as it was near roll
call. The placard beinig made public, many of
the inhabitants were afraid to show themselves
out of the houses for fear of giving offence, and
not one dare give information.*

"Our friends flew to the commons or other
convenient places to view the pleasing sight.
This was observed from the garrison, and the
reason asked, but a satisfactory excuse was
given, and as a part of the town lay between
our line of march and the garrison, we could
not be seen by the sentinels on the walls. Cap-
tain W. Shannon and another being some time
before taken prisoners by one of their (scout-
inig parties), and that evening brought in, the
party had discovered at the sugar camp some
signs of us. They supposed it to be a party
of observation that intended to land on the
hight some distance below the town. Captain
^amotte was sent to intercept them. It was
at him the people said they were looking, when
they were asked the reason for their unusual
stir. Several suspected persons had been taken
to the garrison: among them was Mr. Moses
Henry. Mrs. Henry went under the pretense
of carrying him provisions, and whispered him
the news and what she had seen. Mr. Henry
conveyed it to the rest of his fellow prisoners,

which gave them much pleasure, particularly
Captain Helm, who amused himself very much
during the seige, and I believe, did much dam-
age.

"Ammunition was scarce with us, as the
most of our stores had been put on board of
the Galley. Though her crew was but few,
such a reinforcement to us, at this time, would
have been invaluable in many instances. But
fortunately at the time of its being reported
that all of the goods in the town were to be
taken for the king's use (for which the own-
ers were to receive bills), Colonel LeGras, Ma-
jor Bosseran, and others, had buried the great-
est part of their powder and ball. This was
immediately produced, and we found ourselves
well supplied by those gentlemen.

"The Tobacco's son, being in town with a
number of warriors, immediately mustered
them and let us know he wanted to join us,
saying that by the morniing he would have a
hundred men. He received for answer that we
would counsel on the subject in the morning;
and as we knew that there were a number of
Indians in and near the town, that were our
enemies, some confusion might happen if our
men should mix in the dark; but hoped that
we might be favored with his counsel and
company during the night which was agree-
able to him.

"The garrison was soon) completely surround-
ed, and the firing continued without intermis-
sion (except about fifteen minutes a little be-
fore day), until about nine o'clock the follow-
ing morning. It was kept up by the whole of
the troops joined by a few young mem of the
town who got permission, except fifty men kept
as a reserve. * * * I had made myself ful-
ly acquainted with the situation of the fort
and town, and the parts relative to each. The
cannon of the garrison was on the upper floors
of strong blockhouses, at each angle of the
fort, eleven; feet abore the surface, and the
ports so badly cut that many of our troops lay
under the fire of them within twenty or thirty
yards of the walls. They did no damage, ex-
cept to the buildings of the town, some of
which they much shattered, and their mus-
ketry, employed against woodsmen, covered by
houses, palings, ditches, the banks of the river,
etc., was but of little avail, and did no injury

*"The town immediately surrendered with joy, and assisted nt the siege." Letter, dated Kaskaskia, III.
April 29, 1779. from Colonel Clark to the Governor of Vii-j*inia.J

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

to us except wounding a man 1 or two. As we
could not afford to lose men, great care was
taken to preserve them sufficiently covered,
and to keep up a hot fire in order to intimidate

they were opened, that men could not stand to
the guns seven or eight of them in a short
time got cut down. Our troops would frequent-
ly abuse the enemy in order to aggravate them

the enemy as well as to destroy them. The
embrasures of their cannon were frequently
shut, for our riflemen, finding the true direc-
tion of them, would pour in such volleys when

to open their ports and fire their cannon, that
they might have the pleasure of cutting them
down with their rifles, fifty of which, perhaps,
would be leveled the moment the port flew

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

open; and I believe that if they had stood at
their artillery, tln> greater part of them would
have been destroyed in the course of the night,
as the greater part of our men lay within thirty
yards of the walls; and in a few hours were
covered equally to those within the walls, and
much more experienced in that mode of fight-
ing. * * * Sometimes an irregular fire, as
hot as possible, from different directions was
kept up for a few minutes, and then only a
continual scattering fire at the ports as usual,
and a great noise and laughter immediately
commenced in different parts of the
town by the reserved parties, as if they
had only fired on the fort a few minutes for
amusement, and as if those continually firing
at the fort were only regularly relieved. Con-
duct similar to this kept the garrison' constant-
ly alarmed. They did not know what moment
they might be stormed or (blown up), as they
could plainly discover that we had thrown >ip
some intrenchments across the streets, and ap-
peared to be frequently very busy under the
bank of the river which was within thirty feet
of the walls. The situation of the magazine
we knew well. Captain Bowman began some
works in order to blow it up in case our ar-
tillery shouM arrive, but as we knew that we
were daily liable to be overpowered by the
numerous bands of Indians on ths river, in
case they had again joined the enemy (the cer-
tainty of which we were acquainted with), we
resolved to lose no time, but to get the fort
in our possession as soon as possible. If the
vessel did not arrive before the ensuinig night,
we resolved to undermine the fort, and fixed on
the spot and plan of executing this work,
which we intended to commence the next day.
The Indians of different tribes that were
iminical. had left the town and neighborhood.
Captain Lamotte continued to hover about it,
in order, if possible, to make his way good in-
to the fort. Parties attempted in vain to sur-
prise him. A few of his party were taken, one
of which was Maisonville, a famous Indian
partisan. Two iads that captured him, tied
him to a post in the street and fought from
behind him as a breastwork supposing that
the enemy would not fire at them for fear of
killing him. as he would alarm them by his
voice. The lads were ordered, by an officer
who discovered them at their amusement, to
untie their prisoner and take him off to the
guard, which they did; but were so inhuman

as to take part of his scalp on the way. There
happened to be no other damage. As almost
the whole of the persons who were most ac-
tive in the department of Detroit, were either
in the fort or with Captain Lamotte, I got ex-
tremely uneasy for fear that he would not fall
into our power knowing that he would go off
if he could not get into the fort in the course
of the night. Finding that, without some un-
forseen accident, the fort must inevitably be
ours, and that a reinforcement of twenty men,
although considerable to them, would not be
of great moment to us in the present situation
of affairs, and knowing that we had weaken-
ed them by killing or wounding many of their
gunners, after some deliberation we concluded
to risk the reinforcement in) preference of his
going again among the Indians; the garrison
had at least a month's provision, and if they
could hold out, in the course of that time he
might do us much damage. A little before day
the troops were withdrawn from their positions
about the fort, except a few parties of observa-
tion, and the nring totally ceased.

"Orders were given, in) case of Lamotte's ap-
proach, not to alarm or fire on him, without a
certainty of killing or taking the whole. In
less than a quarter of an hour he passed with-
in ten feet of an officer and a party that lay
concealed. Ladders were flung over to them,
and as they mounted them our party shouted.
Many of them fell from the top of the walls
some within), and others back; but as they
were not fired on, they all got over much to
the joy of their friends. But, on considering
the matter, they must have been convinced
that it was a scheme of ours to let them in,
and that we were so strong as to care but lit-
tle about them or the manner of their getting
into the garrison. * * * The firing imme-
diately commented on both sides with double
vigor, and I believe that more noise could not
have been made by the same number of men
their shouts could not be heard for the fire-
arms, but a continual blaze was kept around
the garrison, without much being done until
about daybreak, when our troops were drawn
off to posts prepared for them, about sixty or
seventy yards from the fort. A loophole then
could scarcely be darkened, but a rifle ball
would pass through it. To have stood to their
cannon would have destroyed their men, with-
out a probability of doing much service. Our
situation was nearly similar. It would have

VINCENXES IN PICTURE AND STORY

been imprudent in either party to have wasted
their men, without some decisive stroke re-
quired it.

"Thus the attack continued until about nine
o'clock of the twenty-fourth. Learning that
the two prisoners they had brought in the day
before had a considerable number of letters
with them. I supposed it an express that we
expected about this time, which I knew to be
of the greatest moment to us, as we had not
received one since our arrival in the country

Photo by Shores

impending storm that now threatens you, I or-
der you immediately to surrender yourself,
with all your garrison, stores, etc., etc. For
if I am obliged to storm, you may depend on
such treatment as is justly due a murderer.
Beware of destroying stores of any kind, or
any papers or letteis that are in your possess-
ion, or hurting one house' in town for, by
heavens! if you do, there shall be no mercy
shown you.
(Signed) G. R. CLARK."

BICYCLE RACES THE START

and not being fully acquainted with the char-
acter of our eniemy, we were doubtful that
those papers might be destroyed to prevent
which, I sent a flag (with a letter) demanding
the garrison.."

Following is a copy of the letter which was
addressed by Colonel Clark to Lieutenant
Governor Hamilton on this occasion:

"Sir: In order to save vourself from the

The British commandant immediately re-
turned the following answer:

" 'Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton begs leave
to acquaint Colonel Clark, that he and his gar-
rison are not disposed to be awed into any
action unworthy British subjects.'

"The firing then commenced warmly for a
considerable time, and we were obliged to be
careful in preventing our men from exposing

VINCEXNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

themselves too much, as they were now much
animated having been refreshed during the
flag. They frequently mentioned their wishes
to storm the place and put an end to the busi-
ness at once. * * * The firing was heavy
through any crack that could be discovered in
any part of the fort. Several of the garrison
got wounded, and no possibility of standing
near the embrasures.

'Toward the evening a flag appeared with
the following proposals:

" 'Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton proposes to
Colonel Clark a truce for three days, during
which time he promises there shall be no de-
fensive works carried on in the garrison, on
condition that Colonel Clark shall observe, on
his part, a like cessation of any defensive
work: that is, he wishes to confer with Colonel
Clark as soon as can be, and promises that
whatever may pass between them two, and
another person, mutually agreed upon to be
present, shall remain secret till matters be fin-
ished, as he wishes that whatever the result
of the conference may be, it may tend to honor
and credit of each party. If Colonel Clark
makes a difficulty of coming into the fort, Lieu-
tenant-Governor Hamilton will speak to him
by Ihe gate.

(Signed) HENRY HAMILTON.

24th February. 1179.'

"I was at a great loss to conceive what rea-
son Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton could have
for wishing a truce of three days, on such
terms as he proposed. Numbers said it was a
scheme to get me into their posession. I had
a different opinion, and no idea of his possess-
ing such sentiments; as an act of that kind
would infallibly ruin him. Although we had
the greatest reason to expect a reinforcement
in less than three days, that would at. once put
an end to the siege, I yet did not think it pru-
dent to agree to the proposals, and sent the
following answer:

" 'Colonel Clark's compliments to Lieutenant-
Governor Hamilton, and begs leave to inform
him that he will not agree to any terms other
than his surrendering himself and garrison
prisoners at discretion. If Mr. Hamilton is
desirous of a conference with Colonel Clark, he
will meet him at the church, with Captain
Helm.

(Signed) G. R. CLARK.'

February 24th, 1779.'

"We met at the church, about eighty yards

from the fort, Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton,
Major Hay, Superintendent of Indian affairs,
Captain Helm, their prisoner, Major Bowman
and myself. The conference began. Hamil-
ton produced terms of capitulation 1 , signed, that
contained various articles, one of which was
that the garrison should be surrendered on
their being permitted to go to Pensacola on
parole. After deliberating on every article, I
rejected the whole. He then wished that 1
would make some proposition. I told him
that I had no other to make than what I had
already made that of his surrendering as pris-
oners at discretion. I said that his troops had
behaved with spirit that they could not sup-
pose that they would be worse treated in con-
sequence of it that if he chose to comply with
the demand, though hard, perhaps, the sooner
the better that it was in vain to make any
proposition to me that he, by this time, must
be sensible that the garrison would fall; that
both of us must (view) all blood spilt for the
future, by the garrison, as murder; that my
troops were already impatient anid called aloud
for permission to tear down and storm the
fort, if such a step was taken, many, of course,
would be cut down, and the result of an en-
raged body of woodsmen breaking in, must be
obvious to him; it would be out of the power
of an American officer to save a single man.
Various altercations took place for a consider-
able time. Captain Helm attempted to mod-
erate our fixed determination. I told him he
was a British prisoner, and it was doubtful
whether or not he could, with propriety, speak
on the subject. Hamilton then said that
Helm was from that moment liberated, and
might use his pleasure. I informed the cap-
tain that I would not receive him on such
terms; that he must return to the garrison, and
await his fate. I then told Lieutenant-Gover-
nor Hamilton that hostilities should not com-
mence until five minutes after the drums gave
the alarm. We took our leave, and parted but
a few steps, when Hamilton stopped and po-
litely asked me if I would be so kind as to
give him any reasons for refusing the garrison
on any other terms than those I had offered.
I told him I had no objections in giving my
real reasons, which were simply these: that I
knew the greater part of the principal Indian
partizans of Detroit were with him; that I
wanted an excuse to put them to death, or
otherwise treat them as I thought proper; that

VINCEXXES IN 1 PICTURE AND STORY

H j.

S I
> "i

o ^

W >S

Ho.
S
co .<

(X,

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

the cries of the widows and the fatherless, on
the frontiers, which they had occasioned, now
required their blood from my hands, and that
I did not choose to be so timorous as to diso-
bey the absolute commands of their author-
ity, which I looked upon to be next to divine;
that I would rather lose fifty men, than not
to empower myself to execute this piece of
business with propriety; that if he chose to
risk the massacre of his garrison for their
sakes, it was his own pleasure, and that I
might, perhaps, take it iato my head to send
for some of those widows to see it executed.
Major Hay, paying great attention, I had ob-
served a kind of distrust in his countenance,
which in a great measure influenced my con-
versation during this time. On my concluding,
'Pray sir,' said he, 'who is it that you call In-
dian partizans?' 'Sir I replied, 'I take Major
Hay to be one of the principal.' I never saw
a man in the moment of execution so struck as
he appeared to be, pale and trembling, scarcily
able to stand. Hamilton blushed, and, I ob-
served, was much affected at bis behavior.
Major Bowman's countenance sufficiently ex-
pressed his disdain for the one, and his sorrow
for the other. * * * Some moments elapsed
without a word passing on either side. From
that moment my resolutions changed respect-
ing Hamilton's situation. I told him that we
would return to our respective posts; that I
would consider the matter and let him know
the result: no offensive measures should be
taken in the meantime. Agreed to, and we
parted. What had passed, being made known
to our officers, it was agreed that we should
moderate our resolutions."

In the course of the afternoon of the 24th,
the following articles were signed, and the
garrison capitulated:

"(1) Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton engages
to deliver up to Colonel Clark, Fort Sackville,
as it is at present with all the stores, etc.

"(II) The garrison are to deliver themselves
as prisoners of war; and march out with their
arms and accouterments, etc.

"(Ill) The garrison to be delivered up at ten
o'clock to-morrow.

"(IV) Three days' time to be allowed the
garrison to settle their accounlts with the in-
habitants and traders of this place.

"(V) The officers of the garrison to be al-
lowed their necessary baggage, etc.

"Signed at Post St. Vincent (Vincennes), 24th
Feb'y., 1779.

"Agreed for the following reasons: The re-
moteness from succor; the state and quality of
provisions, etc., unanimity of officers and men
in its expediency, the honorable terms allowed,
and lastly, the confidence in a generous enemy.

(Signed) HENRY HAMILTON,

Lieut.-Gov. and Superintendent."

"The business being now nearly at an end,
troops were posted in several strong houses
around the garrison, and patroled during the
night to prevent any deception that might be
attempted. The remainder on duty lay on their
arms, and, for the first time for many days
past, got some rest. During the siege I got
omly one man wounded, not being able to lose
many I made them secure themselves well.
Seven were badly wounded in the fort, through
ports. * * * Almost every man had conceived
a favorable opinion of Lieutenant-Governor
Hamilton I believe what affected myself,
made some impression on the whole and I
was i>appy to find that he never deviated, while
he stayed with us, from that dignity of con-
duct that became an officer in his situation. The
morning of the 25th approaching, arrangements
were made for receiving the garrison, (which
consisted of seventy-nine men,) and about ten
o'clock it was delivered in form; and every-
thing was immediately arranged to the best
advantage. * * * On the 27th, our galley ar-
rived, all safe the crew much mortified, al-
though they deserved great credit for their dili-
gence. They had, on their passage, taken up
William Myres, express from government. The
dispatches gave much encouragement: Our own
battalion was to be completed, and an addi-
tional one to be expected in the course of the
spring."

CHAPTER VIII.

CLARK CAPTURES HAMILTON'S BOATS-
PLANS AGAINST DETROIT EARLY
EVENTS FOLLOWING.
On the 26th of February, the next day after
the surrender of Governor Hamilton, Clark,
having information of the approach of a de-
tachment with clothing and provisions from
Detroit which was coming by boats down the
Wabash. dispatched sixty men under command
of Captain Helm, Major Boseron and Major Le-
Gras to intercept and capture them. This
force proceeding in three armed boats about

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

120 miles up the Wabash, surprised and cap-
tured the enemy wifh their supplies in seven
boats. These boats, containing supplies to the
value of about $50,000, were manned by forty
men who were made prisoners.

Col. Clark states that the goods, with the ex-
ception of about $4,000 worth, were divided

Photo by Shores.

VINCENNES METROPOLITAN POLICE.

among the soldiers, that amount being retained
to clothe an expected reinforcement.

Clark's eyes now turned longingly 'toward
Detroit, which he knew to be in a poor state
of defense, and he was anxious to organize an
expedition for its capture, but, embarrassed by

his prisoners, doubtful as to the attitude of
many tribes of Indians, he was in a auandary.
However, the Indians soon began to show a
pacific disposition and a number of the tribes
came to him. with overtures of peace, and
treaties were concluded.

On the 7th of March a detachment of twenty-
five men, under com-
mand of Captains
Williams and Rog-
ers, set out with the
British officers and.
eighteen privates to
conduct them to
Kentucky, whence
they were forwarded
to Virginia under
command of Captain
Rogers, who re-
ceived orders after
he reached the Falls.
Relieved in some
measure by the de-
parture of a part of
prisoners, Clark took
every possible means
to organize his de-
sired expedition
against D e t r o i t.
Promised reinforce-
ments were delayed
and Clark was con-
fronted with the
necessity of postpon-
ing his enterprise.
He made the best
possible use of the
time, however, pre-
paring the minds of
the French people of
Detroit for his ap-
pearance. The com-
pany of French vol-
unteers from De-
troit, who had been
made prisoners with
Hamilton, and who
expected to be sent
into the states and held as prison-
ers of war, w r ere lectured and paroled,
supplied with boats, arms and provisions and
told to return 'home. They did -so and so pleased
were they with their treatment that they be-
came loud in' the praise of the Americans and

Mayor Greene in Rear

VIXCEXXE3 IX TICTURE AXU STORY

created at Detroit a strong pro-American senti-
ment.

By a masterful strategy Clark had contrived
to create an exceedingly strong sentiment at the
Old rost in favor of the Detroit expedition,
while assuming an attitude of indifference or
disapproval, with a view to preventing prema-
ture knowledge of his intentions reaching that
post. In furtherance of this design, on the 20th
Df March he "set sail" on board his galley and
five armed boats, with seventy men, for Kas-
kaskia, where he arrived safely a few days
later. Lieutenant Brashear was left in com-
mand of the garrison of forty picked men, Cap-
tain Helm commandant of the town, superin-
tendent of Indian affairs, etc.

From Kaskaskia Clark directed war to be
made from Vincennes against the Delawares,
who were settled at the forks of the White
River and who had become troublesome and
had committed a number of murders. Deter-
mined to give them a lesson that would im-
press all the tribes, he ordered that no quarter
should be shown the warriors, but that women
and children should be spared. So merciless
and vigorous was the campaign that the Dela-
wares were quickly brought to terms, but, hav-
ing once broken their treaty, Clark refused to
treat with them unless they could induce some
of the neighboring Indians to become sureties
in 1 their behalf. This the Tobacco's son agreed
to do, and peace was restored.

A rendezvous had been appointed for Vin-
cennes in June, against which time it was
hoped a sufficient force would have been re-
cruited in Kentucky and Virginia for the ac-
complisihmenit of his designs against Detroit.
But in this Colonel Clark was doomed to bitter
disappointment. Less than half the expected
reinforcements arrived. The depression of the
continental currency gave him great trouble in
securing supplies. Clark returned with his
forces to Vincennes, but was compelled on ac-
count of the paucity of his resources to aban-
don the proposed expedition, and retired soon
afterward to Louisville ("the Falls") as the
most convenient spot from which to direct the
operations of the forces anid posts in the newly
acquired territory.

The conquest of the territory northwest of the
Ohio by General Clark was soon followed by
a considerable influx of emigrants from the
states, and it is stated that in the spring of
1780 no less than three hundred large "family

boats" arrived at the Falls of the Ohio, and it
may be fairly surmised that Post Vinceunes
came ini for its full share of the new popula-
tion. n the spring of 1779 Colonel John Todd,
\vlio had been appointed county lieutenant of
Illinois county, which embraced all the terri-
tory covered by Clark's conquests, visited Vin-
cennes and Kaskaskia and took steps to organi-
ize local governments suitable to the require-
ments of the people. One of his first acts was
to issue a proclamation designed to forestall the
location of all the best lands by greedy specu-
lators and adventurers. The proclamation for-
bade the location of claims in the rich lands
in the river valleys or within a league of these
lands, "unless in manner and form of settle-
ments as heretofore made by the French in-
habitants, until further orders herein given."
The proclamation also required every claimant
of lands to file with an officer, to be appointed
in each district, a description of his claim, the
name of the original grantee, with date of
grant, with vouchers, "deducing the title
through the various occupants to the present
owner." Depositions were required to estab-
lish ownership when no vouchers could be pro-
duced.

A court of civil and criminal jurisdiction,
composed of several magistrates, with Colonel
J. M. P. Legras as president, was established
at Vincennes, in the month of June, 1779. The
members of this court assuming that they were
vested with authority to grant lands, soon be-
gan to make grants in various amounts "from
the size of a house lot to 400 acres," after the
manner of the former French grants. Finally
we are told they became of opinion that they
might dispose of the entire tract given in 1742
to the French inhabitants of Vincennes by the
Piankeshaw Indians, amounting to a very large
domain, and then conceived the idea that if
they tould grant to others they should not be
debarred from granting to each other. They
accordingly divided this large tract among
themselves, each absenting himself from the
court on the day his grant was to be made.

The surrender of Lord Corn wall is, at York-
town, Va., Oct. 19, 1781, followed by an armis-
tice and finally by the definitive treaty of peace,
concluded at Paris Sept. 3, 1783. having put an
end to hostilities by granting the independence
of tne colonies, and including the territory west
to the Mississippi in that ceded, the fate of this
territory was thenceforward to be controlled by

VINCENNES IN PICTCRE AND STORY

the state of Virginia and Congress. The terri-
tory was in 1784 ceded by Virginia to the
Uniteu States.

Conflicting claims among land speculators,
the inhabitants of Vincennes and vicinity, uow
attracted the attention of the government. The
lands claimed by the French settlers at Vin-
cennes by virtue of Indian grants, court con-
cessions, etc., and other lands claimed in the
northwestern territory aggregated about 15,000

'Photo by Todd

establish a boundary line between the United
States and the Potawatomie, Twightwee, Pian-
keshaw and other western nations, a treaty be
held with the said Indians at Post Vincennes,
om the Wabash River, on the 20th day of June.
1785, or at such other time and place as the
commissioners may find more convenient."
Pursuant to a subsequent resolution of Con-
gress the treaty was held on the Ohio River at
the mouth of the Great Miami. In August,

SECOND STREET Looking North-east from Bosseron

square miles, and the claims of the Illinois &
Wabash land companies were far larger in ex-
tent. The Indians had become jealovis of the
encroachments of the whites and were becom-
ing restless. To quiet, if possible, this seething
and threatening mass of conflicting claims, but
primarily to keep down the turbulent spirits of
the Indian tribes. Congress, on the 18th of
March, 1785. resolved "That in order to give
greater security to the frontier settlement and

1785. the Wabash Indians held a grand counsel
at Ouiatenon. About the same time a French
inhabitant of Vincennes was killed by an In-
dian and in retaliation four Indians were killed
and others wounded by friends of the French-
man. Soon afterwards an Indian chief de-
manded of the French inhabitants of Vincennes
that they all leave the post against a certain
d'ate, as the Indian* had declared war against
the Americans and that such French as re-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

mained would receive the same treatment as
that accorded the Americans. In the following
year settlers who arrived at Viucennes in boats
were fired on at the mouth of the Embarrass.
A settler by the name of Small headed a com-
pany of thirty or forty and proceeded to attack
the Indians, with the result that several were
killed and wounded on each side.

So troublesome had the Indians become by
this time that a strong military force was
raised in Kentucky tor the purpose of subduing
them. About 1,000 men, undei command of
General George Rogers Clark, marched from
the Falls of the Ohio for Vincennes and arrived
here early in October. Here the army went
into camp to nwalt the arrival of provisions
that were to come by boat. At the end of nine
days the boats arrived and it was found that
half the provisions were spoiled. That part
which had been transported by land was al-
most exhausted. Discontent had already be-
gun to manifest itself in the camp and when
the state of the provisions became known it
was greatly increased. Re-enforced by volun-
teers from Vincennes, however, the force
moved up the river to near the mouth of the
Vermillion, the army finding all Indian villages
deserted. Here a false rumor was spread
among them to the effect that Gen. Clark had
sent a flag of truce to the Indians, "with an
offer of peace or war." "This rumor," we are
told, "combined with a lamentable change
which had taken place in the once temperate,
bold, energetic and commanding character of
General Clark, excited among the troops a spirit
of insubordination which neither the commands
nor the entreaties nor the tears of the general
could subdue." Three hundred troops deserted
in a body and the expedition was abandoned.

General Clark, feeling that to abandon the
territory after this demonstration would be but
to embolden the Indians and endanger not only
the people of Vincennes but the settlements in
Kentucky, called a council of his officers, at
which it was decided to garrison the town with
one field officer and 250 men (exclusive of a
company of artillery to be commanded by Cap-
tain Valentine Thomas Dalton) which force was
to be recruited here. It was further decided
that the command should be entrusted to
Colonel Holder. General Clark began to levy
recruits, appoint officers and impress provisions
for the support of the garrison. General Clark
also opened communications with the Indian

chieftains, looking to treaties of peace, and ap-
pointing a meeting for "the last of Aprtt," 1787.
The agitation in the west over the Spanish
claims to exclusive right to navigate the Mis-
sissippi, which imposed onerous restrictions on
the people of this section, and the rising hos-
tility of the people of the west against Spain,
at least gave color to the charges made that
General Clark's action was in reality taken
with a view to a movement against the Spanish
settlements and the fact that his first impress-
ments at Vincennes were from a Spanish mer-
chant lent not a little force to this construction
of it. The matter was investigated by the gov-
ernment of Virginia and by Congress, but ap-
parently not very thoroughly, and the acts of
General Clark were disavowed. Congress
passed a resolution on the 24th of April, 1789,
directing the secretary of war to order the
commanding officer of the United States troops
on the Ohio to take immediate and efficient
measures "for dispossessing a body of men
who had in a lawless and unauthorized manner,
taken possession of Post Vincennes, in defi-
ance of the proclamation and authority of the
United States."

Mr. English, in his Life of General Clark,
takes pains to defend General Clark against
the charges made against him in this connec-
tion. But whether just or not, it is certain
western sentiment would have supported him
in such a move at this time against the prepos-
tuous claims of Spain; and certain it is that
war was narrowly averted.

CHAPTER IX.

GOVERNOR SAINT CLAIR LAWS FOR
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE NORTH-
WEST TERRITORY INDIAN TROU-
BLES.

The first governor of the Northwestern Terri-
tory after its cession to the United States was
Major General Arthur St. Glair. He was as-
sisted by a council consisting of three judges,
and in the governor and judges was the law-
making power. Governor St. Clair and the
judges established themselves at Marietta,
Ohio, at the mouth of the Muskingum River,
winch was therefore the first capital. From
this place a code of laws was promulgated near
the close of 1788. In accordance with his in-
structions from Congress. Governor St. Clair
early turned his attention to securing treaties
with the Indians, but a number of tribes de-

A'INCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

dined to treat and others to acknowledge the
validity of treaties formed with their sachems.
Roving bands of marauding Indians caused
much trouble and in this regard the Wabash
country was not exempt. In a report to the
president in June, 1789, General Knox, secre-
tary of war, says, among other things: "It is
to be observed that the United Staes have not
formed any treaties with the Wabash Indians.
On the contrary, since the conclusion of the
war with Great Britain, hostilities have almost
constantly existed between he people of Ken-
tucky and the said Indians. The injuries and
murders have been so reciprocal that it would
be a point of critical investigation to know on
which side they have been the greatest. Some
of the inhabitants of Kentucky during the past
year, roused by injuries, made an incursion
into the Wabash country, and possesing an
equal aversion to all bearing the -name of In-

Photo by Shoies

call upon the President for directions for his
government in dealing with the problem and he
likewise does not lose sight of the fact that the
peaceable Indians of the Wabas'h have been
made to suffer for the wrongs of others, by the
people of Kentucky.

So threatening has the situation become be-
fore the close of the year 1789 that President
Washington, ini replying to Governor St. Clair,
authorizes him, in case of necessity, to call out
the militia of Virginia and Pennsylvania to the
extent of 1,500 men. The president says, to-
ward the close of his communication, "I would
have it observed, forcibly, that a war with the
Wabash Indians ought to be avoided by all
means consistently with the security of the
troops and the national dignity."

The president, in closing, directs General St.
Clair to proceed "as soon as you can with
safety, to execute the orders of the late con-

THE PLEIADES

dians, they destroyed a number of the peace-
able Piankeshaws, who prided themselves on
their attachment to the United States. In the
course of this communication General Knox
discusses the Indian problem in a most en-
lightened and humane manner. He advocates
the formation of treaties of peace "ini which
their rights and limits should be explicitly de-
fined and the treaties observed on the part of
the United States with the most exact justice,
by punishing the whites who should violate the
same. The alternative of this, he says, is the
extermination of the Indians, for which he
argues there is no warrant in right or justice.
He further shows its impracticability. He esti-
mates the Wabash tribes at 1,500 to 2,000 war-
riors, and says to accomplish their destruction
will require 2,500 men and cost $200,000, and
that the government cannot furnish the
money for the campaign.
Governor St. Clair soon found it necessary to

gress respecting the inhabitants of Post Vin-
cennes and Kaskaskia, and the other villages
on the Mississippi. It is a circumstance of
some importance that the said inhabitants
should, as soon as possible, possess the lands
to which they are entitled, by some known and
fixed principles."

This had reference to the resolutions of Con-
gress of the 20th of June, and the 28th of
August, 1788. By these resolutions provision
was made to confirm the titles of French and
Canadian settlers and others about Kaskaskia
and Vincennes, who on or before the year 1783,
"had professed themselves citizens of the
United States or any of them." A tract of four
hundred acres was donated to each head of a
family of this description of settlers.

Governor St. Clair started from Marietta for
the various outlying posts on the first of Janu-
ary, 1790. Before leaving Clarksville he sent
dispatches to Major Hamtramck, commandant

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

at Vincennes, among which appears the follow-
ing, dated Fort Steuben, January 23, 1790:

"It is with great pain that I have heard of the
scarcity of corn which reigns in the settlements
about the post. I hope it has been exaggerated;
but it is represented to me that, unless a supply
of that article can be sent forward, the people
must actually starve. Corn can be had here in
any quantity; but can' the people pay for it?
I entreat you to inquire into that matter, and if
you flnil they cannot do without it, write to the
contactor's agent here, to whom I will give or-
ders to send forward such quantity as you shall
find to be absolutely necessary. They must pay
for What they can of it; but they must not be
suffered to perish; and though I have no direct
authority from the government for this purpose,
I must take it upon myself." Whether the re-
lief offered was availed of we are not informed.
In his report from Kaskaskia, in 1790, Governor
St. Clair draws a sorry picture of the condi-
tions at that post, where the people had suf-
fered from flood and frost as well as from the
Indians, and ho calls attention to their cheerful
assistance rendered Clark, and failure of the
State of Virginia and of Congress to repay
them for advances made Clark, which they
were ill able to bear. A pathetic memorial in
behalf of his parishioners is presented Governor
St. Clair by Father Gibault, from which we
take the following sentence as indicative of its
character: "Loaded with misery, and groaning
under the weight of misfortunes accumulated
since the Virginia troops entered their country,
the unhappy inhabitants throw themselves un-
der the protection of your excellency, and take
the liberty to solicit you to lay their deplorable
situation before Congress."

The attitude of the Indian nations, with
whom Governor St. Clair had been endeavoring
to conclude treaties of peace, becoming so
menacing as to require active preparations for
war, the governor left Kaskaskia on the llth
of June to consult with General Harmer, in
command of the military forces in the west,
arriving at Fort Washington on the 13th of
July. Before his departure he instructed his
secretary, Winthrop Sargent, to proceed to Post
Vincennes and execute the requirements of the
congrssional resolutions with reference to the
lands of settlers in the Wabash, &c.

Mr. Sargent proceeded immediately to Post
Vincennes, laid out the county of Knox, ap-
pointed various civil and military officers and

took steps to secure proofs of land titles, etc.,
according to his instructions.

In a report to the president at the end of July
he thus portrays the conditions as he found
them here. "Although," says Mr. Sargent, "the
lands and lots which were awarded to the in-
habitants appeared, from very good oral testi-
mony, to belong to those persons to whom they
were awarded, either by original grants, pur-
cfrase or inheritance, yet there was scarcely one
case in twenty where the title was complete,
owing to the desultory manner in which pub-
lic business had been transacted, and some
other unfortunate causes. The original conces-
sions by the French and British commandants
were generally made on a small scrap of paper,
which it was customary to lodge in the notary's
office, who has seldom kept any book of record,
but committed the most important land con-
cerns to loose sheets, which in the process of
time have come into possession of persons who
have fraudulently destroyed them, or, unac-
quainted with their consequence, innocently lost
or trifled them away; for by the French usage
they are considered as family inheritances, and
often descend to women and children. In one
instance, and during the government of Mr.
St. Ange here, a royal notary ran off with all
the papers in his possession, as by a certificate
produced to me. And I am very sorry further
to observe that in the office of Mr. LeGrand,
which continued from 1777 to 1787, and where
should have been the vouchers for important
land transactions, the records have been so
falsified and there is such gross fraud and
forgery as to invalidate all evidence and in-
formation which I might otherwise have ob-
tained from his papers."

In this connection it may be of interest to re-
produce a few samples of descriptions preva-
lent in deeds of that date, which are taken from
notes made by Judge Law to his lecture on
Vincennes. The judge says: "Judging from the
description of the concessions as then made, it
would be somewhat troublesome in these mod-
ern times, to find them." Examples follow:

"The widow of Peter Gormare. A house and
lot, the boundaries oot expressed, but to be sur-
veyed agreeably to possession, and not inter-
fering with the streets."

"Robert Buntin. A house and lot in Vin-
cennes, front on the Wabash, back to the In-
dian fields, one side by Maonaman, on the other
by Francis the Catspaw, about one acre in

VINCEXNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

length each way." "Five pieces of land, for-
merly held by Kettle Carrier, sold by Quiquila-
quia, the grandson of Kettle Carrier, with the
approbation of Montour and the other
chiefs."

"Five pieces of land In the old Piankeshaw
town at Vincennes, sold by Montour."

On the 13th of July, 1790, there were in Post
Vincennes one hundred forty-three heads of
families, who were entitled, by reason of resi-
dence prior to 1783, to confirmation of their
grants. While making preparations for this
Mr. Sargent received numerous petitions for

'Photo by Shores

SITE OF FORT KNOX ABOVE THE CITY

confirmation of grants made by the court under
Major LeGras's regime, and he demanded of
this court by what authority these grants were
made, receiving a frank and full explanation
by letter, which, however, failed to establish
such authority. The matter of these grants was
treated in a liberal spirit by Congress, and in
1791 the governor of the northwest territory
was empowered, when lands had been actually
improved under supposed grants, to confirm the
titles, but limiting the amount of grant to 400
acres.
During the summer of 1790, acting Governor

Sargent and the judges enacted three stringent
laws, designed to suppress gambling and con-
trol the liquor traffic in the interests of the
peace and good order of the village and vicin-
ity. Om the 23d of July Mr. Sargent received
a letter signed by nine citizens of the village,
seven of whom signed as "Magistrates."
Among the names to the letter was that of
Francis Vigo, "Commandant of Militia." They
commended in the strongest terms the efforts
of Mr. Sargent in be'half of law and order and
expressed great satisfaction with the new gov-
ernment.

On his arrival at
Fort Washington on
the 13th of July.
Governor St. Clair
found the situation
so threatening that
he desired, in pur-
suance of the au-
thority given him by
the President, to
levy 1,500 militia
from Pennsylvania
and Virginia and
make a vigorous
campaign against
the Indians. This he
did and 300 of the
militia of Virginia
were ordered to ren-
dezvous at Fort
Steuben and with
the garrison of regu-
lars at that fort to
march to Vincennes
and join Major
Hamtramck, who

had orders to call to his aid the local militia
and to move- up the Wabash to attack any of
the Indian \illages to which his force might be
equal. The remainder of the troops were to
join the garrison of regulars at Fort Washing-
ton under General Harmer.

The operations of the army under command
of General Harmer in Ohio during the summer
were by no means creditable, the militia behav-
ing in a cowardly manner. The losses were
fully as heavy as those of the Indians. From
Vincennes Major Hamtramck marched up the
Wabash and destroyed some deserted Indian

YINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

villages at the inouth of the Vermillion and re-
turned to Vincennes without meeting any oppo-
sition.

These operations 'having produced no visible
improvement in the situation, in March, 1791,
General Knox, secretary of war, wrote Briga-
dier General Scott, of Kentucky, authorizing
him to raise a force of Kentuckians, not to ex-
ceed 750, and proced against the Indians on the
Wabash. This General Scott did, crossing the
Ohio May 23. He does not appear, however,
to have passed via Vincennes, but to the east
of the post. On the 4th of June the first In-

Thoto by Shores

A VIEW ON KELSO'S CREEK

diau was sighted and soon afterwards a cum-
ber of villages were destroyed, including
Ouiatcnon. which had "a considerable French
population, and many well furnished houses,"
according to General Scott's report. General
Scott adds that "by the books, letters and
other documents found there it is evident it
was in close connection with, and dependent on,
Detroit." General Scott, after the destruction
of these villages returned to Kentucky, arriving
at the Falls June 14, "without the loss of a sin-
gle man by the enemy, and only five wounded;
having killed thirty-two, chiefly warriors of size

and figure, and taken fifty-eight prisoners."

By authority of Governor St. Clair a second
expedition was organized by the "Board of
War" of Kentucky and ordered to rendezvous
at Fort Washington not later than July 20,
"well mounted on horseback, well armed and
provided with thirty days' provisions." The
command of this expedition was given to Brig-
adier-General Wilkinson on the first of August,
who, at the head of 525 men, directed his march
toward an important village on the Eel River,
near its junction with the Wabash. Taking a
direction similar to that of General Scott he
reached the town he
sought on the even-

ing of the 7th. The

town was destroyed,
six warriors, two
squaws and a child
killed and thirty-four
prisoners taken.
After destroying the
crops he continued
his march, destroy-
ing a number of
other villages, but
meeting no further
resistance, until the
state of his provi-
sions and the condi-
tion of his horses
warned him that he
must return. On this
expedition he reports
that he destroyed
"430 acres of corn in
the milk."

In the fall of 1791,
Governor St. Clair,
collecting another

army of something like fifteen, hundred men,
mostly undisciplined militia, moved against the
Mia mis, only to meet with one of the most dis-
astrous defeats in the history of the country,
losing thirty-nine officers and 593 men killed
and missing, among the officers killed being
Major-General Butler. The retreat was a pre-
cipitate flight, all wounded being left to their
fate in the hands of the merciless savage foe.

While the savages had suffered heavily in
these campaigns it may be imagined that these
successes, combined with the impression they
had gained that the Americans meant to de-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

prive them of their lands, which, by the way,
was not far from correct, did not act as a seda-
tive to their war-like temper. General St. Clair
resigned his commission! as 'major-general and
was succeeded by General Wayne ("Mad An-
thony") of revolutionary fame. These reverses
had taught the lesson that a larger regular
army was necessary. Steps were taken to en-
large the army to something over 5,000 men.
It had previously been about 1,000, of which
not more than 400 to 600 were in the west.

While General Wayne was organizing and
drilling his little army, the United States gov-

Phoio by Shores

SCENE NORTHEAST OF THE CITY

eminent was doing everything possible to ar-
range treaties of peace with the various Indian
tribes. Many messengers, commissioners and
spies were sent among them, generally only to
lose their lives. Major Trueman and Colonel
Hardin, both distinguished Indian fighters, lost
their lives on one of these missions, for which
they had volunteered. At Vincennes, April 7,
1792, Major Hamtramck the commandant, con-
cluded treaties with small parties of the Weas
and Eel River tribes, and on the 27th of Sep-
tember, Brigadier-General Rufus Putnam con-
cluded a treaty with thirty-one "Kings, chiefs

and Warriors" of the Wabash and Illinois
tribes "on the part of said tribes," but the Sen-
ate refused to ratify this treaty on account of
some of its provisions, which were regarded as
objectionable. Legesse, the principal chief of
the Potawatomies, wrote to Major Hamtramck
a letter professing the strongest friendship, but
advising him that the Americans had more In-
dians to fight than ever before. The majority
of the chiefs refused to treat on any other basis
than that the Ohio River should be made the
boundary line between the Indians and whites.
General Wayne, having at his command a
well organized force
of about 2,600 effect-
ive men and being
joined at Fort
Greenville by Gen-
eral Scott, of Ken-
tucky, with a bri-
gade of cavalry, set
forth from Fort
Greenville on the
?.8th of July to at-
tacK the confeder-
ated tribes. An* ad-
vance section of this
array, amounting to
about 900 men, came
up with a force of
2,000 savages on the
banks of the Mau-
mee on the 20th of
August, and after a
hard fought battle.
almost under the
guns of the B-itish
fort, which had been
built here, in viola-
tion of the treaty of

Paris, routed them with great slaughter. As
a result they were immediately ready for a
treaty. They were invited to Fort Greenville
to treat, and there, on the 10th of August of the
next year, 1795, a satisfactory definitive treaty
was concluded by General Wayne.

In May, 1795, Governor St. Clair and Judges
Symmes and Turner met at Cincinnati and en-
acted a code of laws, containing thirty-eight
sections for the government of the Northwest
Territory.

On the 3d of March, 1796, a treaty was signed
between the United States and Spain, by which

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

the boundary line became the middle of the
Mississippi, and the long vexed question of the
navigation of that stream was settled by its
being freely conceded to the United States.
Notwithstanding this treaty, however, Spandsh
officials delayed the surrender of certain posts
held on this side of the river and entered into
intrigues with France and certain dissatisfied
Americans of the western territory, by which
it was hoped to induce the West to separate
from the eastern states, by which those nations
hoped to profit. Emissaries were sent from the
Spanish headquarters in Louisiana, obsteusibly
on an official mission to Gen. Wilkinson, com-
manding the American forces, to whom a letter
wase sent, but really to spy out the situation
and report the prevailing sentiment of the peo-
ple. General Wilkinson was not deceived, and
sent the Spanish agent out of the country un-
der escort. During the ensuing four years the
diplomatic situation between the United States
on the one side and France and Spain on the
other was exceedingly strained and war was
so imminent that Congress made vigorous
preparations in view of it. Ex-President Wash-
ington was appointed commander-in-chief of
the American armies. But happily war was
averted and treaties of peace and commercial
relations concluded in 1800.

CHAPTER X.

GENERAL HARRISON BECOMES SECRE-
TARY OF THE NORTHWEST TERRI-
TORY. LEGISLATURE ESTABLISHED.
FIRST DELEGATE IN CONGRESS.
COUNT DE VOLNEY WRITES OF V1N-
CENNES.

On the 7th of May, 1798, William Henry Har-
rison was appointed secretary of the territory
northwest of the Ohio and the nomination con-
firmed by the Senate on 1 the 28th of the same
month. On the 29th of October Governor St.
('lair issued a proclamation directing the quali-
fied voters to hold elections in their respective
counties on the third Monday in December,
for representatives to a General Assembly,
which he ordered to convene at Cincinnati on
January 22. 1799. This was the, first general
election within the bounds of this territory.
The representatives met in accordance with the
proclamation and in order to establish a "legis-
lative council," as provided in the Ordinance of
1787. for the government of the territory, nomi-
nated ten persons whose names were sent to

the president. From these the president nomi-
nated for members of the council five, as fol-
lows: Jacob' Burnet, James Findlay, Henry
Vanderburgto, Robert Oliver and David Vance.
They were immediately confirmed by the Sen-
ate. The first territorial legislature met at Cin-
cinnati on the 16th of September, 1799, but it
was the 24th before an organization was ef-
fected. Henry Vanderburgh was elected, presi-
dent of the first Legislative Council. The House
of Representatives consisted of nineteen mem-
bers. Shadrach Bond was the member from
Knox County. Edward Tiffin, of Ross County,
was elected speaker. On October 3, 1799, Wm.
Henry Harrison was elected by the Legislature
delegate to the National Congress from this ter-
ritory. During this session, which was closed
December 19, thirty-seven acts were passed

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON

and approved by the governor.

By the treaty of Greenville, negotiated by
General Wayne, in 1795, the Indians were given
all the lands lying within the present limits of
Indiana, with the exception of certain specific
tracts which included "the town of Vincennes,
on the Waliash. and the adjacent lands, to
which the Indian title had been extinguished."
The earliest mention we have seen of Fort
Knox is under date of 179G, when it is said

YIXCEXXES IN PICTURE AND STORY

there was "a small garrison at Fort Knox, un-
der command of Captain Thomas Pasteur, of
the First United States regiment, 'till Septem-
ber, 1798, when, on the removal of this officer
to Fort Massac, the garrison at Fort Knox was
placed under the command of Captain Robert
Buntin." The Count de Volney states that
when he visited Vincennes in 1796 there were
about fifty houses here, "whose cheerful white
relieved the eye, after the tedious dusk and
green of the woods."

Volney, who was a French traveler and writ-
er of distinction, thus describes some of his
experiences:

Photo by Shores

VIEW NORTH OF VINCENNES NEAR FORT KNOX

"Adjoining the village and the river is a
space, inclosed by a ditch eight feet wide, and
by sharp stakes six feet high. This is called
the fort, and is a sufficient safeguard against
surprises by the Indians. I had letters to a
principal man (Henry Vanderburgh) of the
place, by birth a Dutchman, who spoke good
French. I was accommodated at his house in
the kindest and most hospitable manner for
ten days. The day after my arrival (Aug. 3d)
a court was held, to which I repaired to make

my remarks on the scene. On entering I was
surprised to find the audience divided into
races of men in person and feature widely dif-
ferent from each other. The fair or light brown
hair, ruddy complexion, round face and plump
body, indicative of health and ease, of the one
set, were forcibly contrasted with the emaciated
frame and meager, tawny visage of
the other. The dress, likewise, of the latter
denoted their indigence. I soon discovered that
the former were new settlers from the states,
whose lands had been reclaimed five or six
years before, while the latter were French of
sixty years' standing in the district The
latter, three or four
e x c e p te d. knew
nothing of English,
while the former
were almost as ig-
norant of French. I
had acqiiired. in the
course of the year, a
sufficient knowledge
of English to con-
verse with them
and was thus en-
abled to hear the
tales of both parties.
"The French, in a
querulous tone, re-
counted the losses
and hardships they
had suffered. es-
pecially since the
last Indian war. in
1788. * * * They
complain e d that
they were cheated
and robbed. and
especially that their
rights were con-
tinually violated by the .courts, in which
two judges only out of live were French-
men, who knew little of the laws or language
of the English. Their ignorance, indeed, was
profound. Nobody ever opened a school
among them, till it was done by the able R.
(Riveti a polite, well educated and liberal mind-
ed missionary, banished hither by the French
revolution. Out of nine of the French scarcely
six could read or write, whereas, nine-tenths of
the Americans or immigrants from the East

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

could do both. * * * I could not fix, with
accuracy, the date of the first settlement of
Vincennes, and, notwithstanding the homage
paid by some learned men to tradition, I could
trace out but few events of the war of 1757,
though some of the old men lived before that
time. I was able to form a conjecture that it
was formed about 1735.

"These statements were confirmed for the
most part by the new settlers. They only
placed the same facts in a different point of
view. They told me that the Canadians (for
by that name the French of the Western colo-

9hofo by Toiunslev

VIEW IN CATHOLIC CEMETERY

nics are known to them) had only themselves
to blame for all the hardships they complained
of. We must allow, say they, that they are a
kind, hospitable, sociable sect: but then for
idleness and ignorance they beat the Indians
themselves. They know nothing at all of our
civil or domestic affairs. Their women neither
sew. nor spin, nor make butter.* * * The
men take to nothing but hunting, fishing,
roaming through the woods and loitering in the
sun. They do not lay up, as we do for winter,
or provide for a rainy day. They cannot cure
pork or venison, make sourkraut or spruce beer,

or distilled spirits from apples or rye, all need
ful arts to the farmer."

The French inhabitants of Vincennes having
become accustomed to the arbitrary govern-
ment by commandants and being unacquainted
with customs and usages of the people of the
English colonies, preferred this form of gov-
ernment. Colonel Clark appointed command-
ants for Kaskaskia and Vincennes, and
Colonel Todd, the first lieutenant for Illinois
County did likewise. Colonel Legras was ap-
pointed by Colonel Todd for Vincennes and
carefully instructed in his duties. Having de-
c i d e d, in 1780,
to withdraw all the
American forces to
the mouth of the
Ohio, and fearing to
leave Vincennes
without military pro-
tection, Colonel
Todd authorized
Colonel Bosseron,
then commandant at
the Post, to raise a
company to garrison
the post, providing
him with blank com-
missions for the of-
ficers, with assur-
ances that the garri-
son would be al-
lowed pay and
rations by the gov-
ernment

Concerning the
condition of things
at Vincennes and
Kaskaskia in 1783,
a letter written by

Walter Daniel, Esq., to Virginia officials, under
date of February 3, says: "He (Captain Tarde-
veaux) complains that they are wholly without
law or government; that their magistrates,
from ignorance or sinster views, having for
some time been relax in the execution of their
offices, are now altogether without authority;
that crimes of the greatest enormity may be
committed with impunity, and a man may be
murdered in his own house and no person re-
gards it; that they have no sheriffs nor pris-
ons; and, to crown the general confusion, that
many persons have made large purchases of

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

three or four hundred leagues, and are en-
deavoring to have themselves established lords
of the soil, as some have done in Canada."

This chaotic condition of affairs was relieved
after the visit of Colonel Josiah Harmar, who,
at the head of a detachment of U. S. infantry,
visited Vincennes in July, 1787. Major John F.
Hamtramck was stationed here with a strong
garrison of infantry.

A numerously signed petition was presented

ST. VINCENT'S ORPHANAGE

to Major Hamtramck soon after, by the citi-
zens, for relief from land-grabbers, who had ap-
propriated the "commons" for the purpose of
carrying on an improper traffic with persons
who are not permanent citizens." Relief was
promptly granted by the major, as requested.
To prevent other abuses Major Hamtramck is-
sued an order prohibiting all persons from
"selling, mortgaging or exchanging any of their
goods, lands or slaves, without express per-
mission from the officer commanding at this
place." .

CHAPTER XI.

ESTABLISHMENT OF INDIANA TERRI-
TORY. GOVERNOR HARRISON. FIRST
GRAND JURY. FIRST LEGISLATURE.
-VARIOUS MATTERS OF INTEREST.
On the division of the Northwestern Terri-

tory by the act of May 7, 1800, the seat of gov-
ernment of the Indian Territory was fixed at
Viucennes, and William Henry Harrison, a
native of Virginia, became its first governor,
May 13, 1800. On the next day John Gibson,
of Pennsylvania, became secretary. It was to
this man, many years before, that the Indian
chief, Logan, delivered his celebrated speech.
William Clark, Henry Vanderburgh and John
Griffin were soon afterwards appointed terri-
torial judges. At
this time the civil-
ized population of
the territory was es-
timated at 4,875.
The new secretary
arrived at Vincennes
in July and in the
absence of the gov-
ernor appointed a
number of territorial
officers to provide
for the administra-
tion of the laws.
Governor Harrison
arrived early in Jan-
uary, 1801, and on
the 10th of that
month issued a
proclamation requir-
ing the attendance
of the judges at the
seat of government
for the purpose of

"adopting and publishing such laws as the ex-
igencies of the times" required, and for
the "performance of other acts conform-
able to the ordinances and laws of Con-
gress for the government of the terri-
tory." The governor and the judges met
on the 12th and continued in session till the
26th of the same month, during which time
they adopted and published seven laws and
three resolutions.

The first term of the territorial court was
begun at Vincennes on the 24th day of March,
1801. by the three judges named above. The
first grand jury impaneled within the territory
was composed of the following nineteen per-
sons: Luke Decker, Antoine Marchal, Joseph
Baird. Patrick Simpson, Antoine Petit, Andre
Montplaiseur, John Ockiltree, Jonathan Mar-
ney, Jacob Tevebaugh, Alexander Varley,

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Francois Turpin, Fr. Compagiioitte, Charles
Languedoc, Louis Severe, Fr. Languedoc,
George Catt, Johu Bt Barois, Abraham Decker,
Philip Catt.

One of the first questions which occupied the
attention of the newly organized territory of

'Photo by Tcnonsley

A HOME ON THE ROLLING DEEP

1802. The main object of those who favored
this convention was to consider the expediency
of adopting measures to secure the repeal or
suspension of that article of the ordinances of
1787 which prohibited the holding of slaves
in the territory. The convention declared in
favor of the suspen-
sion of the sixth
article of the or-

- dinances and so peti-
tioned Congress. But
Congress declined to
accede to their de-
m a n ds. Petitions
and remonstrances
by the friends and
enemies of slavery
began to be frequent
subjects of consider-
tion by Congress and
the political caldron
of the territory was
seething for a num-
ber of years.

A majority of the
electors of the ter-
ritory having, Sept.
11, 1804, declared in
favor of electing a
territorial le g i s 1 a-
ture, Gov. Harrison
issued a proclama-
tion calling for such
an election to be held

Indiana was that of slavery, which had been
introduced into the territory under the French
laws. Louis XIII. of France had, in 1615, pro-
mulgated a code of laws consisting of fifty-five
articles, "in order to maintain the discipline of
the apostolic Roman Catholic Church and to
regulate the estate and condition of slaves in
the said country" of Louisiana Territory. Vari-
ous persons at both Kaskaskia and Vincennes
were owners of slaves from the earliest times.
The slave question began to agitate the people
of the territory early in the administration of
Governor Harrison, and at the earnest solicita-
tion of many of the inhabitants Governor Har-
rison, on the 22d of November. 1892. gave notice
of an election to be held on the llth of Decem-
ber, following, for delegates to meet in conven-
tion at Yincennes on the 20th of December,

on the 3d of January,

1805, and fixing the number of members from
each county. The members so elected were to
meet in Vincennes on the first of February and
nominate ten persons, from whose numbel% ac-
cording to law, the president would select the
legislative council, or upper house of the Legis-
lature. The members so nominated for Knox
County were John Rice Jones, who in subse-
quent years became a judge of the Supreme
Court of Missouri, and Jacob Kuykendall.
President Jefferson, not knowing the men,
wisely decided to depute to Governor Harrison
the authority to name them. Accordingly he
sent to the governor an instrument with
blanks for the insertion of the names, caution-
ing him to reject "land jobbers, dishonest men
and those who, though honest, might suffer

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

themselves to be warped by party prejudices."
The first Legislature of Indiana Territory met
at Vincennes, July 29, 1805, and the lower house
was composed of seven members. The mem-
bers from Knox County were Benjamin Parke
and John Johnson.

Governor Harrison's message called for need-
ed legislation on a number of subjects, the first,
and that on which he dwelt longest, being to
prevent the sale of intoxicants to the Indians.
On this subject he said: "The interests of your
constituents, the interests of the miserable In-
dians, and your own feelings, will sufficiently
urge you to 'take it into your most serious con-
sideration, and provide the remedy which is to
save thousands of our fellow creatures. You
are witnesses to the abuses; you have seen our
town crowded with furious and drunken sav-
ages; our streets flowing with their blood;
their arms and clothes bartered for the liquor
that destroys them;
and their miserable Photo by Shores
women and children
enduring all the ex-
tremities of cold and
hunger. So destruct-
ive has the progress
of intern p e r a n c e
been among them
that whole villages
have been swept
away. A miserable
remnant is all that
remains to mark the
names and situa-
tion of many numer-
ous and warlike
tribes. In the en-
ergetic language of
one of their orators,
'it is a dreadful con-
flagration, which
spreads misery and
desolation through
the country,' and
threatens the- anni-
hilation of the race."

The Indiana territory, as first organized in
1800, included what is now the states of Illinois
and Michigan, as well as the state of Indiana.
Michigan was cut off in June, 1805, but Illinois
remained within the Indiana Territory till 1809.
In addition to the government of the territory,

Governor Harrison was intrusted with other
important matters by the government at
Washington. Among these was that of culti-
vating the friendship of the Indian tribes, with
whom he was empowered, on behalf of the
United States, to conclude treaties. He was
urged to use all pacific m.eans in his power to
extinguish the Indian title to lands northwest
of the Ohio, and so successful was he in this,
that by a series of some seven treaties with the
various tribes, before the close of 1805, he had
secured the relinquishnient by the Indians to-
the United States of 40,000 square miles of ter-
ritory.

In 1807 the first revised statutes of the terri-
tory were published at Vincennes by Messrs..
Stout & Smoot, "Printers to the Territory."
The book contained the laws "as revised by
Messrs. John Rice Jones and John Johnson, and
passed (after amendments) by the Legislature,"

VIEW OF RIVER FROM FORT KNOX

fee. It is of interest to note that among the
subjects of legislation ait this early date was
"the Vincennes library" and the "Wabash Bap-
tist Church." By the provisions of this code
the death penalty was attached to the crimes of
treason, murder, arson and horse stealing.

VIXCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

.Burglary and robbery were punishable by whip-
ping, fine or imprisonment. Larceny was pun-
ishable by fine or whipping or by being bound
to labor for a term, not exceeding seven years;
hog stealing by tine and whipping; bigamy, by
fine, whipping and dist'ranchisement.

Stringent laws were also in force for the pun-
ishment of children and servants who refused
to obey parents or masters, as the case
might be.

By act of Congress, approved March 26th,
1804. provision was made for the disposal of
the public lands through land offices, of which
three were established. That at Vincennes was
.in charge of Mr. John Badollet, as register, and

Nathaniel Ewiiig, receiver. Mr. Badollet who
was a man of distinguished ability and virtue
and subsequently prominent in various official
capacities, was an ancestor of our esteemed
townsman, Mr. Henry S. Badollet, late of the
Elephant Shoe Store.

(Governor Harrison said in his message to the
Territorial Legislature, in 1806, that he had
had assurances from all the Indian tribes with-
in his jurisdiction that they would "preserve
inviolate their relations of 'amity with the
United States," and his strong sense of justice
induced him to add:

"They (the Indians) will never have recourse

to arms I speak of those in our immediate
neighborhood unless driven to it by a series
of injustice and oppression. Of this they al-
ready begin to complain, and I am sorry to say
that their complaints are far from being
groundless. It is true that the general govern-
ment has passed laws for fulfilling, not only
the stipulations contained in our treaty, but
also those sublime duties which a just sense of
our prosperity and their wretchedness seem to
impose. The laws of the territory provide,
also, the same punishment for offenses com-
mitted against Indians as against white men.
Experience, however, shows that there is a
wide difference in the execution of those laws.
The Indian always suffers and the white man
never. This partiality has not escaped their
penetration, and has afforded them an oppor-
tunity of making the proudest comparisons be-
tween their own observance of treaties and that
of their boasted superiors. If, in your review
of our penal code, gentlemen, any regulation
should suggest itself, which would promise
more impartiality in the execution of the laws
in favor of those unhappy people, the adoption
of it will be highly acceptable to the United
States and honorable to yourselves. But should
you suppose it dangerous to make any discrim-
ination in their favor, I pray you to Igse no op-
portunity of inculcating, among your constitu-
ents, an abhorrence of that unchristian and de-
testable doctrine which would make a distinc-
tion of guilt between the murder of a white
man and that of an Indian."

Writing to the secretary of war, Governor
Harrison recounts a complaint of an old In-
dian chief to him. "You call us your children."
said, he, "Why do you not make us happy,
as our fathers, the French, did? They never
took from us our lands; indeed they were in
common between us. They planted where they
pleased, and they cut wood where they
pleased: and so did we. But now if a poor In-
dian attempts to take a little bark from a tree
to cover him from the rain, up comes a white
man and threatens to shoot him, claiming the
tree as his own."

CHAPTER XII.

INDIANS BECOME RESTLESS. TECUM-
SEH. TIPPECANOE.

The encroachment of the whites upon the
lands of the Indian, their invasion of his hunt-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

ing ground and frequent killings of Indians by
the whites, many who looked upon the killing

Believed to be a Portrait of Tecumseh

of an Indian as rather a praiseworthy act than
a crime, could have but one effect when long
continued, that of rendering the Indians dis-
contented axid restless. They saw the lands of
their fathers slipping away from them into the
grasp of a people whose example had been only
one of cruel and contemptuous oppression,
whatever might have been their precepts.
Their alarm was no doubt heightened by the
activity of Governor Harrison in inducing the
Indians to cede their lands to the government,
pursuant to his instructions from Washington.
In the course of a very few years they had thus
parted with an immense domain and were be-
ing gradually more and more restricted. To
this there could be but one culmination, from
the Indian's point of view. The adoption of
the civilized mode of life, and dependence

mainly on the productions of the ground for
his sustenance was foreign to his thought. He-
only saw himself a wanderer on the face of
the earth, seeking a hunting ground in the do-
main of other tribes and compelled to go to-
war with them for the privilege. The wiser
men among them b(;gan to contemplate these
matters with a growing alarm, which was fed.
and fostered constantly by British emissaries,
who looked forward to the aid of the Indians
in the war that every one felt must soon come
between England and this country.

During the year 1806 the famous Shawanee
chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, Law-le-was-i-
kaw (the loud voice), resided at the Delaware-
villages on the west fork of the White River,
in the bounds of the present county of Dela-
ware. Law-le-was-i-kaw began to lay claims to-

Harrison's Conference with Tecumseh

prophetic powers and began a crusade against:
witchcraft, the use of intoxicating liquors, in-

YINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

terinarriage of Indian women with the whites,
the dress and habits of the whites and the sale
of Indian lands. He soon gathered a con-
spicuous following among the superstitious In-
dians, through his claims of direct communi-
cations from the Great Spirit. A number of
Indians were at his instigation put to death
for witchcraft. Governor Harrison, becoming
alarmed at the machinations and growing in-
fluence of the Prophet, early in 1806 sent a
messenger to the Indians with a speech strong-
ly condemning the prophet, who had a short
time before, with his immediate followers, in-
cluding Tecumseh, withdrawn to Greenville,
Ohio. Having by his artful practices in the
course of the next two years fallen under the
suspicion of the people and officials of that
vicinity, in the spring of 1808 he removed and
settled on the banks of the Wabash near the
mouth of the Tippecanoe River, having ob-
tained permission from the Potawatomies and

Photo by Todd

that the treaties by which the United States
had acquired their lands were unfair, and
therefore void; that the tribes in severalty
could not alienate their lands since they be-
longed to them all in common, and that he and
his brother, the prophet, would resist any
further attempts on the part of the whites to
extend their settlements over the Indian lands.
There is no evidence, however, that he advo-
cated w r ar.

Early in 1808, Governor Harrison addressed
a speech "to the chiefs and head men of the
Shawnee tribe of Indians"' as follows: "My
children, this business must be stopped. I will
no longer suffer it. You have called a number
of men from the most distant tribes to listen
to a fool, who speaks not the word of the
Great Spirit, but those of the devil, and of the
British agents. My children, your conduct has
much alarmed the white settlers near you.
They desire that you will send away those peo-

A BARNYARD SCENE NEAR VINCENNES

Kickapoos. This place was afterwards known
as Prophet's Town. The growing fame of the
prophet among the tribes of th'> northwestern
part of the territory opened their ears to the
solicitations of Tecumseh, who was actively
engaged in an effort to form these tribes into a
great confederacy for their mutual protection
against the encroachments of the whites. In
his speeches at their council fires be claimed

pie. And if they wish to have the imposter
with them, they can carry him. Let him go to
the lakes; he can hear the British more dis-
tinctly." The prophet's reply, sent by the same
messenger, was a model of self restraint and
apparent candor, while he specifically denied
the allegations of the governor. Later the
prophet sent another messenger to the governor
protesting that his followers desired to live in

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

peace with the white people. At the confer-
ence with the governor this messenger said:
"I have now listened to that man (the prophet)
upward of three years, and have never heard
him give any but good advice. He tells us
that we must pray to the Great Spirit, who
made the world and everything in it for our
use. He tells us that no man could make the
plants, the trees and the animals; but that
they must be made by the Great Spirit to whom
we ought to pray, and obey in all things. He
tells us not to lie, to steal or to drink whisky;
not to go to war, but to live in peace with all
mankind. He tells us, also, to work and make
corn."

year, however, put an end to his efforts in that
direction, and it is not known that any citizens
of Vincenues actually took any steps toward
joining him. The unsettled state of the land
claims in the Northwestern Territory, and
the vast number of speculative and fraudulent
claims, induced Congress, in 1804, to establish
boards of commissioners to inquire into their
validity. Before the close of the year 1810 these
boards had severally examined and confirmed a
large number of valid and just claims and re-
jected a large number of ilfegal and fraudulent
claims. In one instance a single perjurer, "fond
of liquor," had made depositions in favor of a

In the month of
August the prophet
himself visited Vin-
cennes and remained
ten days, holding
conferences with the
governor. These in-
terviews seem to
have modified, in
aome degree, at
least, the opinions
the governor had
previously held as
to the honesty and
good faith of the
prophet But later
inf ormation, ob-
tained from various

Photo bv Shores

THE

sources, confirmed his former impressions that
in the prophet and Tecumseh he had to deal
with very dangerous persons, who were under
the influence of British agents. A second visit
of the prophet did not remove his suspicions.

The governor continued his policy of making
treaties with the various nations by w r hich
their lands were ceded to the United States and
in this he met the constant opposition of Te-
cumseh and the prophet. The former plainly
told the governor in an interview at Vincenues
that he would resist any attempt that should
be made to survey these concessions.

Some time during 1 the year 1806 or 1807,
Aaron Burr is said to have visited the. town of
Vincennes in the interest of his conspiracy to
establish an empire in the Southwest and to
have enrolled some of its inhabitants among
his followers. His arrest early in the latter

W ABASH AT HIGH TIDE

few claimants to the number of two hundred.
This man made oath in court, in the presence
of the commissioners, to the falsity of his pre-
vious depositions.

In the districts of Kaskaskia and Vincennes
many of the inhabitants who had received do-
nations of lattd from the government, sold their
lands to speculators at the rate of about thirty
cents per acre, and in many instances, so little
were they capable of managing their affairs,
they accepted in payment various kinds of un-
profitable merchandise at exorbitant prices.

As early as the year 1860 "the common" at
Vincennes, containing about 5,400 acres, was
enclosed by a fence for the confinement of cat-
tle, the usage of the French settlers being to
keep their cattle within this inclosure and to
leave their cultivated fields unfenced. By act
of Congress of March 3, 1791, the inhabitants of

VIXCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Vincennes were au-
thorized to use this
large common "until
otherwise disposed
of by law." By act
of April 20, 1818, the
trustees of Vin-
cennes were author-
ized to divide the
"common" into lots
and to sell such lots,
applying the pro-
ceeds, so far as
necessary, to the
drainage of a pond
in the vicinity of the
town, the residue to
be paid to the trus-
tees of Vincennes
University.

On account of the
wide extent of "wil-
d e r n e s s country"
which separated
the various settle-
ments within the im-
mense territory, the

Pholo by Shores

Photo by Shores

B. & O. GRAVEL PIT. Site of a hill 35 feet high, now a lake 25 feet deep

question of a divi-
sion of the Indian
territory began to be
agitated as early as
1806. The hardships
and dangers, coupled
with the attendance
of parties and wit-
nesses upon the
courts, and the diffi-
culty of executing
the laws in the dis-
tant sections were
among the most po-
tent reasons urged
therefor. The divi-
sion was effected by
an act of Congress of
February 3, 1809,
which gave to the
territory practically
the present bound-
aries of the state of
Indiana. In 1808 the
white population of
Indiana Territory
was estimated at 28,-
000, of whom 11,000

VINCENNES RIVER FRONT

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

were westward of
the Wabash.

The act of 1809, by
which the division
was effected, pro-
vided that the Gen-
eral Assembly
should apportion, the
members of the
House of Represent-
atives to consist of
not less than nine
nor more than
twelve," &c. Appar-
ently the fact was
overlooked by Con-
gress that there was
no Legislature In ex-
istence and could be
none until an elec-
tion should be held,
and. that an appor-
tionment would
seem to be a pre-re-
quisite to the hold-
ing of such an elec-
tion. Six days be-
fore he had notice of

Photo ty Shores

T'h'vo by Shors

VIEW IN CITY CEMETERY

VIEW OF WABASH -South of City

the law dividing the-
territory, Governor
Harrison had issued
writs for an election
of members of the
Legislature. This
Legislature met at
Vincennes in the fol-
lowing November,
but not being coni-
stituted and elected
according to the new
law, conceived that
it was not authorized
to proceed with leg-
islation. The neces-
sities of the situa-
tion, however, in-
duced the Legisla-
ture to proceed with
the apportionment
and to memorialize
Congress to legalize
the same. This done,
the legislature was,
at its own request,,
prorogued by Gov-

VINCEN'NES IN PICTURE AND STORY

59'

Mrs. W. J. Hiskey's Boarding House, Fifth and Church

ernor Harrison..
On May 22, 1809,
an election for dele-
gate to Congress was-
held, the chief con-
testants being Jona-
than Jennings, a na-
tive of Pennsylvania
and an anti-slavery
man, and Thomas
Randolph, a pro-
slavery man, from
Virginia. The for-
mer received 428 and
the latter 402 votes.
In Knox County-
eighty-one v o t e &
were cast for John-
Johnson, the total
vote of the territory
being 911.

According to the
census of 1810, the
total white popula-
tion of the territory
was 24,520. Other
statistics taken at
that time showed

Cottage Residences of W. S. Racey and T. F. Palfry

VINCEXNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

that there were within its boundaries 33 grist
mills, 14 saw mills, 3 horse mills, 18 tanneries,
28 distilleries, 3 powder mills, 1,256 looms, and
1,350 spinning wheels. The value of all manu-
factures was as follows: Cotton, woolen, hemp-
en and flaxen cloths and mixtures, $159,052;
cotton and wool, spun in mills, $150(?); nails
(20,000 pounds) $4,000; leather, $9,300; distilled
spirits (35,000 gal-
lons), $16,230; gun-
powder (3,600 IDS.).
$1,800; wine from
grapes (96 bbls.), $6,-
000; maple sugar (50,-
000 Ibs.), value not
stated.

The year 1810 was
one of great anxiety
to the governor and
inhabitants of Indi-
ana Territory on ac-
count of the activity
of Tecumseh and the
prophet, in their ef-
forts to unite the In-
dians against the
policy of the whites.
During the summer
a number of horses
were stolen from
settlers in the north-
ern part of Knox
county on White

River and other depredations committed. It
was the constant effort of Governor Harrison to
defeat the hostile designs of the prophet and
his brother and to that end he sent many mes-
sengers to them, among the men thus employed
being a number of the most prominent in the
territory, including Colonel Francis Vigo, Tou-
sant Dubois, Joseph Barroni, Pierre and Wni.
Prince. These were sent to the Delawares and
Mia mis with assurances of the friendship and
protection of the United States, and warnings
of the danger of encouraging the prophet.

In May a meeting was held by chiefs of the
Potawatomies, Chippewas and Ottawas, at a
place called the Cow Pasture, on the banks of
the St. Joseph River near Lake Michigan. At
the suggestion of Governor Harrison', the Dela-
wares sent deputies to this meeting and their
presence and remonstrances prevented the
others from placing themselves at the feet of
the prophet. At this time it was believed there

were with the prophet about 600 warriors.
The attitude of the prophet's followers grew
more and more arrogant as their numbers in-
creased. In the spring of this year they de-
clined to receive their "annuities of salt" from
the boatmen who attempted to deliver it, and
treated them with contempt and great rude-
ness.

OLD RESIDENCE MR. JOHN WISE Built by Judge Parke, 1804

Governor Harrison continued to send mes-
sages of warning to the prophet, but to no ef-
fect. Finally, in July, he sent a letter to the
prophet endeavoring to convince him of his fol-
ly and offering to send him and three chiefs of
his own selection to Washington to see the
President, if he would prefer to make his com-
plaint there. Mr. Barron. the bearer of this
letter, was received ini a cold and haughty, even
threatening, manner, and accused of being a
spy. Mr. Barron received no definite answer,
but was informed that Tecumseh would go to
Vincennes in a few days and hold a conference
with the governor.

Accordingly, on the 12th of August, the noted
chief appeared at the head of seventy-five
armed warriors and from that date till the 22d
was almost constantly before the governor.
Tecumseh had made a number of speeches, but
none was preserved until that of the 20th, when
Governor Harrison directed his interpreter to

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

take it down in writing. In this speech the
chief complains of the sale of lands to the
whites by the petty chiefs to whom he denies
authority thereto. He claims that he himself
is supreme and that unless the lands are re-
stored a counsel will be held soon and these
recreant chiefs will all be condemned to death,
and charges that the governor will be accessory
to their murder. Ins this arrogant strain he

fhoto by Totvnsley

RESIDENCE B. KUHN, 306
continues at length.

At the conclusion of this speech the governor
arose to reply and when speaking of the exact
justice and paternal care with which the
United States had always dealt with the vari-
ous 'tribes he was suddenly interrupted by Te-
cumseh, who jumped to his feet, jesticulating

wildly, and denounced as false the allegations
of the governor.*

The braves with him jumped to their feet
and assumed a defiant attitude. The governor,
not being acquainted with the language, did'
not know what had been said, but the secre-
tary of the territory, General Gibson, under-
standing, and anticipating possible trouble, di-
rected a guard of twelve men, who were at a
little distance, to
stand to their arms.
It looked very
stormy for a mo-
ment. When the gov-
ernor heard the in-
terpretation of the
language he in-
formed Tecumseh
that he would no
longer treat with
him and ordered
him to depart to his
camp. He was in-
formed that the gov-
ernor would commu-
nicate with the
tribes by letter on
the subject of the
lands recently pur-
chased and that if
Tecumseh had any-
thing further to com-
municate he should
send the Huron or

N - Fourth some other chief.

This interview was held under some large trees
which stood near the governor's residence, now
corner Park and Scott Streets.

During the night Tecumseh realized that he
had made a mistake and when visited by the
interpreter in the morning he begged another
interview with the governor and protested that

*It was related by Mr. Felix Bouchie, an old gentleman of wonderful memory, who died in Vincennes
in 1897, after having spent his entire life of eighty years here, that on this occasion Tecumseh asked
for a bench. Gen. Harrison asked through the interpreter for what he wanted it. Tecumseh replied
that he desired to sit by the General. No bench being obtainable elsewhere, Gen. Harrison, disposed to
humor the great chief, sent to St. Xavier Church and secured one of the puncheon benches in use
there. When the General and chieftain took their seats on the bench, the latter sat very close to Gen.
Harrison, in fact forcing the General to move. Tecumseh promptly followed him up and again
crowded him. Again the General moved, only again to be Crowded. Finally, reaching the end of the
bench, Gen. Harrison said to the interpreter: "Tell him he is about to crowd me off." This appeared
to be the protest for which Tecumseh was looking, and which gave him the opportunity to enforce his
points. "Ugh! Ugh!" said he, "Ask the big man how he would like me to crowd him clear off. Ask
him how he would like me to crowd him out of the country, as he is crowding me and my people. Tell
him we were once to the sea on the east, but we have been crowded back and off. Tell him that all the
earth ,the hills and the valleys, the forest and the streams and the fullness thereof were ours one time,
but now the paleface has crowded us back till only the space to the setting sun is ours." Gen. Harrison
protested that the whites had dealt fairly and honestly with the Indians, and here it was, according to
Mr. Bouchie, that Tecumseh lost his temper and gave the lie to the General.

V1NCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

lie had meant no harm by his conduct of the
day before, and that he wished to reach an
amicable settlement. He said, also, that he
liad probably been deceived by white people,
who told him that only half the whites were
with the governor and that the remainder were
friendly to the claims of the Indians, etc., etc.

Governor Harrison consented to meet him
again, and at this meeting, on the 21st, his
manner had entirely changed. He was digni-
fied and respectful in manner and repeated to
General Harrison what he had before said to
the interpreter, Mr. Barren. When the gov-
ernor asked him whether the Indians would in-
terfere with surveyors who might attempt to
run the lines of recent purchases, he made it
pretty plain that they would be in dangerous
business.

The next day Governor Harrison, with his in-
terpreter, visited the camp of Tecumseh. In
the course of the interview Tecumseh repeated

Knox County Orphan's Home, Fairgrounds Avenue

his former claims and when told bjr the gov-
ernor that his pretensions would not be
acknowledged by the president, he threw down
the gauntlet in the following language:

"Well, as the Great Chief is to determine the
matter, I hope the Great Spirit will put sense
enough into his head to induce him to direct
you to give us this land. It is true he is so far

off he will not be injured by the war. He may
sit still in his own town and drink his wine,
while you and I will have to fight it out."

Soon after this famous conference between
Governor Harrison and Tecumseh a small de-
tachment of troops was ordered to move from
Newport, Kentucky, to Vincennes. These
troops, with three companies of militia and a
company of Knox County dragoons, were held
in readiness to march into the disputed terri-
tory and build a fort on the bank of the Wa-
bash near the northern boundary of the land,
which was north of the present site of Terre
Haute. This was laud that had been acquired
by the treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809. The fort
was not built, however, until the next year,
though a surveyor of the name of McDonald
undertook to make the survey in October, 1810.
While these momentous events were trans-
piring at the Capital, an election for members
of the Legislature had been held in the terri-
tory on April 2, 1810,
pursuant to a proc-
lamation of the gov-
ernor. In further
compliance with the
proclani a t i o n the
body met at Vin-
cenues on the 12th of
November in the
same year. Of this
body the Knox
County members
were Walter Wilson
and William Jones
of the Council and
General Washington
Johnston, Peter
Jones and John Cald-
well of the House.

In his message to
the legislature at the
opening of the ses-
sion, Governor Har-
rison called attention
to the threatening

attitude of the Indians and the dangerous
views some of them entertained with reference
to the lands. At the same time he dwelt at
length on the necessity of rapid extinction of
the Indian title to lands- not only for the benefit
of the whites, but likewise of the Indians them-
selves, as tending to lead them into civilized
modes of life, on the growing scarcity of game.

VIXCEXXES IX PICTURE AND STORY

Ou the subject of education the governor urged
the propriety of making a military education
compulsory in both the common schools and the
higher institutions of learning. Said he: "Let
the masters of the Inferior schools be obliged
to qualify themselves and instruct their pupils
in the military evolutions, while the university,
in addition to the exercises, may have attached
to it a professorship
of tactics, in which
all the sciences con-
nected with the art
of war may be
taught" He dwelt
at considerable
length on the
obvious advantages
and the small cost of
the innovation.

The Legislature
continued in session
thirty-eight days and
passed no less than
sixty-three acts.
Among these was
one authorizing the
president and direct-
ors of the Vincennes
Library to raise the
sum of $1,000 by lot-
tery. At this session
also a petition to
Congress was pre-

murdered by whites, added fuel to the smoul-
dering wrath of both the savages and the set-
tlers. The prophet caused the seizure of some
"annuity salt" that was being sent to some
northern tribes of Indians, sending word to the
governor "riot to be angry at his seizing the
salt, as he had got none last year and had more
than two thousand men to feed."

Residence Charles Bierhaus, 424 N. Sixth

pared asking permission to locate a certain
quantity of lauds "lying on the main fork of
White River" for a permanent seat of govern-
ment; and by an act of the General Assembly,
a commission was appointed to select a site for
the new capital.

Governor Harrison continued his efforts to
break up the confederacy of the northern tribes,
but the activity of the British agents, who be-
lieved that a war was approaching between
England and America and were determined to
secure the friendship of the Indians, rendered
his efforts in a measure abortive. While the
governor was instructed to preserve the pacific
relations with the Indians, if possible, the secre-
tary of war intimated that "the surest means
of securing good behavior from the prophet and
Tecumseh would be to make them prisoners."

During the spring and summer of 1811 a num-
ber of murders were committed by roving
bands of Indians, and some isolated Indians

Governor Harrison sent Captain Wilson with
a speech addressed to the prophet and Tecum-
seh in which he recounted information he had
received from various sources as to the sinister
designs of the conspirators, demanding satis-
faction for the seizure of the salt, suggesting
that the surest means of establishing the purity
of their motives would be to visit the president
and lay their grievances before him, renewing
his offer to provide them means for the jour-
ney, and informing Tecumseh that his pro-
posed visit to Vincennes at the head of a large
body of men would be taken as an unfriendly
act. Tecumseh replied in a short written letter
saying he would visit Vincennes within eighteen
days and that then all the matters would be
settled.

On the 27th of July Tecumseh came to Vin-
cennes at the head of a body of about 300 In-
dians. Suspecting his designs, Governor Har-
rison took pains to have at hand a military

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

force of 700 or 800 men, and if Tecumseh had
any ulterior intentions they were not developed.
He remained several days. He still professed
a desire to be at peace with the whites, but con-
tinued to maintain the same attitude with ref-
erence to the sale of the Indian lands; said he
was going* to visit the Southern Indians, the
Creeks, Chickasaws and Choctaws, for the pur-
pose of uniting them in his proposed confed-
eracy. He said he would on his return visit
Washington and that everything would be satis-
factorily adjusted. After the conference he de-
parted southward with about twenty followers.
On July 31, 1811, a public meeting was held
at Vincennes for the purpose of declaring by
resolutions the danger td which the white in^
habitants were exposed and also to petition the
President to disperse the prophet's band of hos-
tile Indians. Already, however, had the Presi-
dent, on the 17th, instructed the secretary of
war to authorize Governor Harrison to call out

Photo by Toii>nsley

House in which Territorial Legislature Met

the territorial militia and if circumstances re-
quired, attack the prophet and his followers.
He was also authorized to call to his aid the
fourth U. S. infantry, then stationed at the
falls of the Ohio.

The governor promptly gave orders to Colonel
Boyd to move with his regiment to Vincennes,
where it was joined by the militia and the

garrison of Fort Knox. In accordance with the
earnestly expressed desire of the government to
preserve the peace with the Northwestern Indi-
ans, the governor dispatched, by special messen-
gers, written speeches to the various tribes with-
in his territory, requiring them to "fulfill the con-
ditions of their treaties with the United States,
to avoid all acts of hostility to the whites and
to make a positive disavowal of union or con-
nection with the Shawanee prophet."

On the 25th of September, a little before the
governor was ready to move on his expedition
against the prophet, a deputation arrived from
the prophet with protestations of peace, and de-
claring the willingness of the Indians to com-
ply with the governor's demands.

Governor Harrison's little army, about 1,000
strong, moved northward on the 26th of
September. On the 3d of October, without in-
cident, it arrived at a point about two miles
north of where Terre Haute now stands. It
then went into camp
and inline di a t e 1 y
made preparations to
build a fort, which,
when completed, on
the 28th of October,
was named, by the
unanimous vote of
the officers. "Fort
Harrison." While en-
gaged here Governor
Harrison received
visits from friendly
Indians, who told
him of the growing
hostility of the
prophet and his
motley horde of fol-
lowers. The Dela-
wares reported that
he had sent a "war
speech" to some of
the chiefs of their
tribe, who were on
their way to meet

the governor at his request. In this speech he
declared his tomahawk was up against the
whites, etc., etc. Some of the Delaware chiefs
visited the prophet and endeavored to dissuade
him from his purpose.

Leaving a small garrison under Lieutenant-
Colonel James Miller, at Fort Harrison, the
governor proceeded on his march toward the

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

prophet's town, on the 29th of October. On the
31st they crossed the Wabash near the site of
the present town of Montezuma, in .farke
County. At this time the governor's force
amounted to 910 men, of whom two hundred
and fifty were regulars, under command of
Colonel Boyd; sixty volunteers, from Kentucky,
ami six hundred citizens of the territory, largely
from Knox County. Among the volunteers
were a number who had gained distinction in
Kentucky and held high commands, who here
served as privates. Major- General Samuel
Wells, of Kentucky, became a plain major in
the governors little urmy and in the battle did
not fail to sustain a well-earned fame as an
Indian fighter.

On the 2d of November a block house was
built about two miles below the mouth of the
Big Vermillion River, and a sergeant and eight
men detailed to protect the boats, which had
thus far transported the provisions.

Residence Mrs. J. H. Rabb, 524 Broadway

Resuming the march on the morning of the
3d, and leaving the Wabash, keeping the
prairie lands in the general direction of the
river, the army cnme in view of the prophet's
town on the afternoon of the 6th of November.
Various things had occurred during the day to
convince Governor Harrison of the hostility of
the Indians and he proceeded with great cau-

tion. As they approached the prophet's town
messengers came out to meet them and desired
to speak to the governor. He recognized in one
a chief high in the confidence of the prophet,
and accorded him, an interview, '.these men
said the chiefs were greatly surprised at his ap-
proach in battle array. The governor replied
that he did not intend to attack them until
satisfied that they would not comply with the
demands he had made. They claimed that a
message had been two days before sent him by
the friendly Potawatamie chief, Win-a-mac, etc.
The governor said he would go and camp on
the Wabash and in the morning would have an
interview with the prophet and his chief. It
was agreed on both sides that no hostilities
should in the meantime be committed.

Not finding a suitable camping ground, the
gov trnor continued his march till he approached
very niear the village, when he was again met
by the prophet's messengers, after having been
interrupted by a vio-
lent demonstration
on the part of a
body of Indians. The
governor explained
that he had not
found a suitable
camping ground on
the Wabash, as he
had expected, and
asked the Indian if
he could direct him
to one. He was di-
rected to "a creek to
the northwest." Hav-
ing had the place ex-
amined by some of
his officers and re-
ceiving a favorable
report, the army was
marched to the
point and went into
camp.

Governor Harrison
was not altogether

pleased with the location, finding it dry and
high enough but almost surrounded by marshes,
whose willow growth would form an excellent
screen for the savage foe. However, he de-
cided to make the most of a bad bargain, and,
taking every possible precaution against sur-
prise, went into camp. The men were disposed
to the best advantage for repelling a night at-

VIXCEXXES IX PICTURE AXD STORY

tack, should one be made, and were instructed
to sleep with their clothing and accountrements
on, with firearms loaded and bayonets fixed.

Notwithstanding the great caution taken to
avoid -surprise, and the strong guards that were
posted, it is not believed that the commanding
officers expected that an attack would be made
that night. It came, however, after the Indian
fa shion, about two
hours before sunrise
on the morning of
the 7th of November.
Although the gov-
ernor says he had
risen, at a quarter
past four o'clock,
and in two minutes
more would have
given the signal for
calling out the men,
so sudden was the
attack that many In-
dians were in the
camp before they
were dis covered.
The attack was
made from all sides
by a force of Indians
variously estimated
at from 350 to 1,000.
and nothing but the
most intrepid valor
on the part of both

minority. Many more officers were among the
wounded. The loss of the Indians was believed
to be at least as great as that of the whites,
as thirty-eight dead were left on the field of
battle. During the battle the prophet encour-
aged his followers, who were composed of
small numbers from various tribes, as the
Shawanees, Wyandots, KIckapoos Ottawas.

Cottage Residence V Schoenfeld 617 Busseron

officers and men, could have saved the day.
In his report of the action the governor says:
"Under these discouraginig circumstances the
troops (nineteen-twentieths of whom had never
been under fire before) behaved in a manner
that can never be too much applauded. They
took their positions without noise and with less
confusion than could have been expected of
veterans placed in a similar position." The bat-
tle raged hotly until after daylight, which en-
abled the governor's command effectively to
charge and dislodge the Indians, who were
driven to precipitate flight.

The victory was purchased, however, at no
small cost, the loss In killed amounting to thir-
ty-seven, while the wounded aggregated 151, of
whom twenty-five died of their wounnds.
Among the killed and mortally wounded were
three colonels, three captains, two lieutenants
' and Thomas Randolph, Esq., who had recently
been defeated for Congress by a very small

Chippewas, Potawatamies, Winnebagoes, Sacs
and a few Miamis. He stood on a small eleva-
tion near the battle ground chanting a war
song in an exceptionally loud voice. He told
his followers they would gain an easy victory,
that the bullets of the Americans would be ren-
dered harmle>s. When told that some of the
Indians had been killed he still encouraged
them to continue the fight, saying they would
soon be victorious. After the battle his fol-
lowers, having lost faith in him, almost all
dispersed and rejoined their various tribes.

The deserted prophet's town, which contained
a large amount of corn, was destroyed on the
morning of the eighth, and the next day the
army took up its return march, arriving at Fort
Harrison on the 14th of November, whence the
wounded were sent forward by boats to Vin-
cennes. The army continued its march, reach-
ing Vinvennes on the 18th. This battle of Tip-
pecanoe was fought on the banks of Burnet's

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Creek, about seven miles north-east of tiie pres-
ent city of Lafayette, iu Tippecauoe County.
It became famous iu a large degree through
its adoption as a "slogan'' during the campaign
in which Mr. Harrison was subsequently elect-
ed President of the United States.

The news of the battle and its results having
reached the capital, the Legislature and the
people made preparations to greet the victorious
army and its commander with appropriate hon-
ors. It was "resolved" by the Legislature that
that body would wait upon the g9yernor iu a
body and "in their own names and those of
their constituents, welcome him home," and
General Washington Johnston was appointed a
committee to make the same known to the
governor at the head of the army, "should un-
forseen circumstances not prevent." An appro-
priate and highly complimentary address was
adopted and delivered to the governor on his
arrival.

KNOX COUNTY INFIRMARY

But these demonstrations of esteem and ap-
proval did not meet with universal approbation
among the citizens of Yincennes or the mem-
bers of the Legislature, where the governor was
not without opponents, and indeed inveterate
enemies. The address, which was prepared
In the council, was adopted by the close margin
of onlv four to three votes, seven members be-

ing present. There were not a few of the resi-
dents \vko dissapproved of the Indian policy of
the governor and were opposed to the expedi-
tion when undertaken. These soon developed a
disposition to rob the governor of his just meed
of praise and to award the honors for the vic-
tory to Colonel Boyd of the regular army, who,
it was claimed by the enemies of Harrison, had
saved the day, and that, but for him and his
regiment, the militia would have been de-
stroyed. On the 25th of November the House
adopted joint resolutions, which, on account of
the "strong, special and somewhat exclusive
praise" which they bestowed on Colonel Boyd
and his regiment,, were "disagreed to" by the
Council. Later the House adopted a series of
resolutions in which Colonel Boyd and the
United States troops received special thanks, as
did also the militia under Colonel Luke Decker
and Colonel Joseph Bartholomew, and the sol-
diers composing the volunteer corps from Ken-

tucky.

This called fortu
from the governor a
strong protest as
not giving to the
mounted riflemen of
the territory and to
the squadron of
dragons the notice to
which they were
justly entitled. The
governor recounted
the distinguished
services of these
men, recalling tLe
heavy losses they
had suffered among
their officers and
men. Answering the
governor, the House
disclaimed any in-
tentional neglect of
the commands in
question and inti-
mated they were sup-
posed to be included in the term "militia," as
used in the original resolution.

These proceedings are recalled here as show-
ing the jealousies which existed, even at that
early day, on the subject of military glory and
honor. Bitter partisan politics had much
to do with the public service even in that
day.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

CHAPTER XIII.

WAR OF 1812. GOVERNOR HARRISON IN
COMMAND OF UNITED STATES FORCES.
CAPITAL LEAVES VINCENNES.
During the month of December, 1811, Gov-
ernor Harrison received overtures of peace
from various bands of Indians who had been
associated with the
prophet, but declined
.to meet them in
council - till tne
prophet and all his
followers who did
not belong to the
Wabash were re-
moved from the
country."

Tecumseh, on his
return north, ap-
peared among the
Miami Indians soon
after the defeat of
h i s brother, the
prophet, at Tippe-
canoe. He is said to
have reproved the
prophet in strong
terms for permitting
the Indians to at-
tack Governor Harri-
son's command.

In December, 1811,

a memorial was adopted by the Legislature,
asking Congress to authorize the people of In-
diana Territory to form a state constitution.

The declaration of war made in June, 1812,
against Great Britain by the United States was
no cause of surprise, either to the white in-
habitants of Indiana Territory or to the Indians.
The latter had been accustomed to the idea
through the British traders and emissaries for
years past. In January, Little Turtle, a dis-
tinguished chief of the Miamis, whose village
was near Fort Wayne, in a message to Gov-
ernor Harrison, alluded to the signs of an ap-
proaching war and expressed the attachment
of the Miami and Eel River Indians to the
United States. The Delawares, also, were
friendly. It soon became apparent, however,
that the Kickapoos, Potawatamies and Wintne-
bagoes were bent on mischief, and marauding
parties from these tribes began to murder and
pillage the frontiers. During the month of

April several families within the state were
murdered. On the 22d of April, 1812, Mr.
Haryraan, who resided at the mouth of the
Embarrass River, but a few miles below Vin-
cenues, with his wife and five children, was-
murdered.

Governor Harrison issued. orders designed to
place the militia on the best possible war foot-

Residence Dr. L. M. Beckes, 609 Main

ing and commanding the officers of the various
organizations throughout the state to be in
readiness and promptly to pursue and punish
any parties of Indians who should commit
depredations. Block houses and picketed
forts were erected throughout the state, and
especially on the borders of Knox County set-
tlements.

In May a grand council of the various Indian
tribes was held at an Indian village on tne
Mississinewa River. The representation was
large and embraced almost all the tribes within
the present states of Indiana and Illinois. The
orators all expressed the strongest friendship
for the United States and the most earnest
desire for peace. Tecumseh was there and
made a speech in which he stated that "the
unhappy affair which had taken place between
the white people and a few of our young men
has been settled between us and Governor Har-
rison." He said there would be no more cause

VIXCEXXES IX PICTURE AXD STORY

.given b3 r his people for an attack by the whites,
and chided the Potawatamies for not having
taken better care to see that their treaty obli-
gations were preserved inviolate. In closing he
said: ''Should the bad acts of our brothers, the
Potawatamies, draw on us the ill will of our
white brothers, and they should come again
and make an unprovoked attack on us. at our
village, we will die like men; but we will never
strike the first blow."

There appeared but one sentiment at the
council, that of friendliness to the United
States, and a large number of the Indians soon
after went to Fort Wayne and so reported to
the Indian agent, Mr. Stickney, who demanded
of the Winnebagoes, Kickapoos and Shawanees,
as proof of their honesty, that they give up for
punishment those of their tribes who had been
guilty of murdering white settlers. To this
they apparently agreed.

Pritchett's Old War Horse, "Robbin"

Tecumseh was not satisfied with the result
of the Mississinewa council, and soon after the
declaration of war against England, on June 18,
1812, he went to Maiden and joined himself to
the British force.

Soon after Governor Harrison received otti-
cial notice of the declaration of war he visite:i
Kentucky and secured the cooperation of Gov-

ernor Scott in the protection of the frontier, a
large number of Kentucky volunteers ibefng en-
listed in that behalf.

It was not, however, until the latter part of
August, after the temporary disasters to the
United States forces at Macinac, Detroit and
Chicago, that the Indians began to take a bold
attitude. In the early part of September they
began to assemble in considerable numbers in
the vicinity of Fort Wayne, and on the night of
of September 4, a considerable force made a
savage attack on Fort Harrison, then gar-
risoned by a small detachment under command
of Captain Zachary Taylor, afterwards Presi-
dent of the United States. The Indians fired
the fort but the fire was extinguished after a
considerable breach had been made in the
walls, and the garrison succeeded in holding its
own till day, when the Indians retired.
When information of the attack on Fort Har-
rison reached Vin-
cennes, Colonel Wm.
Russell of the Sev-
enth U. S. infantry,
at the head of a
force of 1,200 men,
marched to the relief
of the fort. On reach-
ing Fort Harrison, It-
was found that the
Indians had de-
camped, and, leaving
Colonel Wilcox with
his regiment of Ken-
tucky volunteers at
the fort, the remain-
der of the relief ex-
pedition returned to
VIncennes. A few
days later, Lieuten-
ant Richardson, with
a detachment of
eleven men, was
escorting provisions
from Vincennes to
Fort Harrison when
Indians and seven men

he was attacked by
killed and one wounded.

In August, 1812, Governor Harrison was
breveted Major-General of Militia of Kentucky
by Governor Scott, and invested with the su-
preme command of all the Kentucky forces
operating for the defense of the Xorthwestern
Territories. Two thousand Kentuckians and

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

'Photo by Townsley

700 Ohioans who bad rendezvoused at Piqua,
Ohio, marched under command of Governor
Harrison to the relief of Fort Wayne, which
was invested by hostile Indians in force. On
the approach of Governor Harrison the Indians
retired. On the 19th of September General
Harrison surrendered the command of troops
at Fort Wayne to 'Brigadier-General Winches-
ter, but five days
later received dis
patches from Wash-
i n g t o n, assigning
him to the command
of the Northwestern
army, with the rank
of brigadier-general.
This army, estimted
at 10,000 men, was
composed of the
various detachments
of regulars and rang-
ers within the terri-
tory, the volunteers
and militia of Ohio
and Kentucky, and
three thousand men
from Virginia and
Pennsylvania. Gen-
eral Harrison was in-
structed to provide
for the protection of
the frontier and men

the service and General Hopkins immediately
set about organizing a new force of infantry
for the purpose of destroying the Indian vil-
lages in the vicinity of the prop-bet's town,
which had been rebuilt. This force, consisting
of three regiments of Kentucky militia, a com-
pany of regulars under Captain Z. Taylor, a~
company of rangers under Captain Becker, an<L

Miss Lillian

to retake Detroit,
and, with a view to
the conquest of upper Canada," to "penetrate
that country" as far as the force under his -com-
mand would, in Lus judgment, justify.

At this time there was stationed at Vincennes .
a force of mounted volunteers from Kentucky
under General Samuel Hopkins, A no had dis-
tinguished himself in the Revolutionary war.
General Hopkins was expected to take care of
the Indians on the Wabash and Illinois Rivers.
Early in October he moved up the Wabash,
crossing near Fort Harrison into the Illinois
country, intending to seek some Indian villages
in the direction of Peoria. Soon after cross-
ing the river, signs of mutiny and discontent
became apparent in his ranks, and finally, after
a six days' march, had grown to such an ex-
tent that the general lost control and his army
refused to follow him further, but turned about
and returned, he in the rear.

On its return this army was mustered out of

Miller's Residence, 6J8 Broadway
a company of scouts,- left Vincennes '"" *jie 5th
of November, returning late in the mt >n ^ with-
out haying accomplished Anything DI vo .".'. ) tne
destruction of some deserted Indian villages,
and. having lost heavily in an ambuscade of a
detached party, eighteen men killed ai <1 a num-
ber wounded.

On the eighteenth of December, Gen. Hopkins
resigned his command and annouuc Hi his in-
tention to *retir"e from military life.

While General Harrison was with the armies-
actively engaged in the service of the United
States government, the government of the terri-
tory of Indiana devolved on the secretary, Gen-
eral John Gibson. General Gibson issued a
proclamation in December, 1812, requiring the
Legislature to meet at Vincennes on the first
day of February. 1813, which it did. It re-
mained in session until the 12th of March.
Among the bills passed were the following: To>

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

improve the uavigation of \Yhite River, orgau-
i/.iiiL' the counties of Warrick and Gibsou, to
open and improve roads and highways, to regu-
late the granting of divorces and for the inspec-
tion of flour, beef and pork. The law removing
the seat of government from Vincennes to Cory-
don, in Harrison County, was also passed at
this session, and provided that "from and after
the first day of May, 1813," the capital of the
territory should be Corydon. This decision was
reached on the eleventh of March and on the
following day, in conformity with a joint reso-
lution, the General Assembly was prorogued by
acting Governor Gibson to meet at Corydon on
the first Monday in December, 1813.

During the year 1813 there was great activity
within the borders of Indiana Territory in the
matter of providing block houses for the pro-
tection of the outlying districts. While the In-
dians did not venture to attack any of these,

Phofo by Shores

Residence Edw. Watson, 622 N. Seventh

zen was sh;jt, stabbed and scalped in the neigh-
borhood of the city.

In February, 1813, the President appointed to
the governorship of the territory, Colonel
Thomas Posey, a United States senator from
Louisiana. The new governor arrived at Vin-
cennes and entered upon the discharge of his
duties in the following May.

Pursuant to the terms of prorogation of
the preceding March, the General Assembly
met at Corydon on Monday, Dec. 6, 1813, and
received the first message of Governor Posey.
The many successes which had attended the
American arms in the northwest under the gen-
eral direction of General Harrison, culminating
in the famous battle of the Thames on the 5th
of October, 1813, where Tecumseh was killed in
the British ranks, wrought a great work in the
way of pacifying the Indian tribes, who began
in large numbers to sue for peace, and the set-
tlements of the In-
diana Territory be-
came comparatively
quiet and secure. By
the early part of
1814 considerable
numbers of immi-
grants from the East
.began to come into
a the territory.

On the tenth of
September, 1814, by
act of the Legisla-
ture, the Bank of
Vincennes was char-
tered, with a capital-
ization of $5,000.000,
the charter extend-
ing to Oct. 1, 1835.
This charter was
recognized and con-
firmed by the state
constitution of 181t>,
and the first State
Legislature, by act
of Jan. 1. 1S17.

they were, in small bands, quite active, and did
much mischief in the way of single murders,
and in the killing and driving off of stock.
Among the depredations committed in the vicin-
ity of Vincennes -..-ere the killing of two men
seven miles west of the town in March, and
about The same time the theft of twenty horses
from citizens of the vicinity. In July a citi-

adopted the Rank of Vincennes as the "State
n.-mk of Indiana." This act enlarged the cor-
porate powers of the bank and authorized an
increase of $1.000,000 in its capital, divided into
shares of $100. of which 3.7.10 were reserved
for the state, to be subs< . rilu-d for from time to
time by the governor. This bank was also
authorised t adopt the Farmers' and Mechan-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Photo by Tcmnsley

ics' Bank, of Madison, chartered somewhat
earlier than the Yiucennes institution, as one
of its branches. For some time the affairs of
this bank appear to have been managed with
prudence, but before the year 1821, the man-
agement had become so shamefully corrupt and
its violations of its charter provisions so notori-
ous, that the Legislature in that year authorized
proceedings against
the bank by writ of
quo warranto, with
the result that it
was deprived of its
charter and banking
privileges. It was
charged with con-
tracting debts to an
amount double that
of the deposits, the
excessive issue of
paper with fraudu-
lent intent, the pay-
ment of large divi-
dends to sharehold-
ers while refusing to
redeem its notes in
specie, and the em-
bezzlement of large
sums deposited for
safe keeping. A
large amount of
notes circulated -by
this institution and

sion of the territory into the union as a state.
Calling attention to the provision of the or-
dinance of 1787, under which the territory was
organized, by which it was provided that the
territory should be entitled to statehood when
it contained a white population of 60.000, it was
shown by certificates from the county clerks
of the various counties that the population at

Its branches at

Residence J. L. Bayard

Brookville, Corydon and Vevay, became worth-
less. The notes of the Farmers' & Mechanics'
Bank, of Madison were, however, ultimately
redeemed.

The building containing the recorder's offir-e
at Vincennes was destroyed by fire in January,
1814, consuming all the books, papers and rec-
ords belonging to the office. In September fol-
lowing, commissioners were appointed to re-
store them, so far as possible, by taking evi-
dence.

CHAPTER. XIV.

INDIANA BECOMES A STATE. BLAC.v-
HAWK WAR. WAR OF THE REBEL-
LION.

The Territorial Legislature convened at Cory-
don on the frst Monday in December. 181 >. and
on the 14th of that month . adopted a memo-
rial to Congress, designed to secure the adinis-

, President First National Bank. 505 N. Sixth

that time was 63.897. The population of Knox
County was certified as 8,068, and was larger
than that of any other county.

Congress passed an act which became a law
April 19, 1816, -.authorizing the people of Indi-
ana to adopt a constitution and providing for
its admission as a state.

Pursuant to this act a constitutional conven-
tion was chosen in May following. The mem-
bers from Knox County were John Johnson,
John Badollet, William Polke, Benjamin Parke
and John Benefiel. The session was begun at
Corydon. June 10. and completed its labors on
the 29th of the same ironth.

An flection for state embers, under the con-
stitution, was held in August. 1816. and Jona-
than Jennings, who had presided over the de-
liberations of the constitutional convention,
was chosen governor, receiving 3.211 votes, to
3.934 cast for Governor Posey. William Polke

V1NCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

-was elected state senator from Kiiox County,
and Isaac Blackford, Walter Wilson and Henry
I. Mills were the members of the Lower House
from Knox. Mr. Blackford was elected speaker
of the House on the organization of that body.
On the seventh of November the state officers
took the oath of office and a new state was
born into Uncle Sam's family.

The years of quiet succeeding the war of 1812
were prosperous ones for the new state and
immierration flowed into its borders at an im-
mense rate, so:that by the year 1820, less than
four years from the date of its admission, its
population had more than doubled and the cen-
sus of that year showed a population of more
than 147,000 souls.

BLACKHAWK WAR. The rapid settle-
ment of the state, and the treaties with
the various tribes of Indians, rendered the
citizens of Indiana comparatively secure

< Pho!o by Totonsley

Residence John Bierhaus, Seventh and Busseron

from their depredations, but in the year
1832 the famous Sac chief, Blackhawk, as-
sumed an arrogant and threatening attitude
and disturbed the peace of Illinois and greatly
alarmed the outlying settlements on the bor-
ders of Indiana. Governor Noble called out
the militia to protect the northern settlements.
A company of United States rangers was or-

ganized in Kuox County by Captain B. V.
Beckes, known as "Company B, of mounted
rangers, army of the United States," com-
manded by Major Henry Dodge. The officers
of the company were: Captain, Ben. V. Beckes;
first lieutenant, Samuel Smith; second lieuten-
ant, George Leach. The men were enlisted for
a year and spent the winter of 1832-3, at Can-
tonment Johnson, on River Deshee. In his re-
port of the service of his company, Captain
Beckes says: "I left Cantonment Johnson by
way of Carlisle, Merom, Terre Haute, Clinton,
Danville, Iroquois, Beaver Creek, Rock Creek,
Hickory Creek, DuPage, Fox River, 'Pop Pau'
Grove, Dixon's Ferry, and encamped four
miles west of Dixon's Ferry, on my way to
Fort Armstrong, with my company in good
order and fit or service." Later he reports
having returned to Cantonment Johnson in De-
cember "and commenced building barracks,
. . which have been

completed some time
and the company
regularly drilled
since. As no blood
was spilled on Indi-
ana ground during
this war, Captain
Beckes and his Knox
County boys had no
opportunity to prove
their valor on the
battleground. There
were, however, no
less than six deaths
in Captain Beckes'
company before it
was mustered out of
the service. On the
roster of the com-
pany appear many
names familiar
among the inhabit-
ants of the Vin-
cennes of to-day.

From the date of

the Black Hawk campaign to that of the War
of the Rebellion, there was nothing in the his-
tory of the country to stir the patriotism of the
Knox County people or make martial history,
p.nve the Mexican War of 1840, and the small
dvMi'aml on the State of Indiana for soldiers for
tlvit war gave Knox County no opportunity to
put into the field any complete organization,

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Mrs. Carrie Stallard made the presentation on
behalf of the ladies of the city in the following
language, addressing herself to Captain Har-
row:

"Sir, with mingled feelings of pain and pleas-
ure we look upon your noble company; pain,
when we look upon the distracted condition of
our once happy country; pleasure, when we re-

t hough there were a number of enlistments
from the county for that war.

WAR OF THE REBELLION. On the break-
ing out of the War of the Rebellion sentiment
in and about Vincennes was greatly divided.
Though Mr. Lincoln had received several hun-
dred votes in the county, there was a large ele-
ment out of sympathy with him and his views,
and the current of
feeling ran high in
the early days of the
war. Nevertheless
patriotism rapidly
gained the upper
hand and military
organizations began
to be formed early
in the spring of
1861. The first com-
pany formed in Vin-
cinnes was a com-
p a n y of "H o m e
Guards," with J. II.
Massey as captain,
P. B. La Plante, J.
T. Coleman and J. C.
Denny, lieutenants
This company, or-
ganized while senti-
ment was in the
formative period
adopted the follow-
ing resolution: "Re-
solved That the ob- Residence John Hattigan; Fourth and Church Streets

jcct of this organization is peace at home, not
destruction abroad not an aggressive war, but
a defensive peace not for subjugation or coer-
cion, but to arrest turmoil and to maintain the
law." This resolution created not a little com-
ment and caustic criticism. We are glad to
note that a great number of the members of
this organization later enlisted in other organ-
izations and did honorable service at the front.
A number of companies were organized in
various parts of the county but the first to offer
their services to the government were the "Old
Post Guards" and the "Knox County Invinci-
bles." The "Invincibles" was the first com-
pany to depart, which they did on the 10th of
May, 1801. Before leaving for Camp Vigo, at
Terre Haute, they were given a banquet by
the ladies of Vincennes and presented with a
beautiful and costly silk flag. The presenta-
tion was at the residence of Captain Denny, and

member that we have such a gallant band will-
ing to leave home and friends and go forth at
their country's call. History will grite of the
great Rebellion of the Nineteenth Century, and
of those who laid down their lives when their
country was in danger. May your names be
enrolled among the Union's brave sons. In be-
half of the ladies of Vincennes I present you
with the American flag. Should the Star
Spangled banner wave o'er the battlefield, as
your eyes rest upon it think of home and coun-
try. Our best wishes and prayers will attend 1
you, while our sympathies and feelings will be
with your loved ones at home. We need not
charge you to be true to the Stars and Stripes.
We believe the bravest and best blood would
be poured out in defense of the flag under
which our fathers, with George Washington as
their leader, fought and won such glorious
victories. Our Heavenly Fatlu-r was with

VIXCEXNBS IN PICTURE AND STORY

them; He will be with you. Death to the
traitor that would try to trail that flag through
the dust of shame. All honest hearts in this
will share and follow it to death or fame."

Response was made by Captain Harrow in
suitable words.

These two companies became B and G, of the
famous Fourteenth Indiana infantry. Though
enlisted under the call of the state for six regi-
ments of twelve-months men, they were, on
the 7th of June, mustered into the service of
the United States, being the first regiment so
mustered from the state. It went to Indian-
apolis, June 24th, and on the 5th of July left
for West Virginia, and was soon engaged in
active operations. The regiment was com-
manded by Colonel Nathan Kimball. No vol-
unteer regiment, probably, saw more actfcve
service or made a more honorable record than
did the Fourteenth.

Phoro by 7<ftnsley

Residence Harry V. Somes, Jr., Assis't Cashier First National Bank, 50J N. Third

who went into the battle, thirty-one were killed
and 151 wounded, more than fifty per cent.
It led the charge at Fredericksburg on the 13th
of December, losing' four killed, seventeen
wounded and eight missing. On May 3, 1863, at
Chancellorsville it lost seven killed, fifty-one
wounded and 2 missing. In the afternoon of
the third day of the Battle .of Gettysburg this
regiment sustained the brunt of Longstreet's
desperate charge, sustaining a loss of 123 offi-
cers and men killed and wounded.

Company G, Twenty-first Indiana volunteers,
Captain Edward McLaflin, was made up from
Vincennes and vicinity. It was mustered into
the service July 24, 1861, reaching Baltimore
Aug. 3. It remained here till Feb. 19, 1862.
This regiment was a few months later engaged
at New Orleans when that city was captured
by General Butler. In the battle of Baton
Rouge, Aug. 5, the regiment lost 126 officers
and men in killed
and wounded. In
February, 1863, this
regiment became a
heavy artillery regi-
ment, and was called
the First Heavy
Artillery. During
the siege of Port
Hudson it lost twen-
ty-eight men. This
regiment, most of
whose members
"veteraued" at the
expiration of their
first terms of enlist-
ment, saw much fur-
ther hard service.

Company E, of the
Fifty-first regiment,
was officered almost
entirely from Vin-
cennes, though en-
listed largely from
the counftry dis-
tricts. This regi-

It lost three killed and eleven wounded at
Cheat Mountain, Sept. 12, 1861; five killed and
eleven wounded at Green Briar, Oct. 3; five
killed and fifty-eight wounded at Winchester
Heights. March 23. 1862. On the 17th of
September it was outraged in the battle of An-
tit'tam and for four hours fought within sixty
yards of the enemy. In this fight, of 320 men

ment was mustered into the service Dec. 14,
1861, under Colonel A. D. Streight. Its first
active service was at Corinth, where it assisted
at the siege. At the battle of Stone River,
Dec. 31, 1863, and two days following, thi
n-iriment lost a total of forty-nine, killed,
wounded and missing. In an expedition againist
Rome. Georgia, Colonel Streight and his com-

VINOBNNBS IN PICTURE AND STORY

mand, a brigade, was captured by the rebels.
After enduring the horrors of the rebel prisons
for a time, they were exchanged. Its last im-
portant engagement was in the battle of Nash-
ville, December 15, 1864.

Company I, Eightieth Indiana, was mainly
from Vinceuues. This regiment went into
camp at Camp Gibson, Princeton, in August
and September, 1862. Leaving Princeton on
the 8th of September, this regiment, on the
eighth of the follow inlg month, took a con-
spicuous part in the battle of Perryville, where
it lost, in killed, wounded and captured, 150
men. The record of this regiment was a bril-
liant one, it having been engaged in very many
battles, skirmishes and active campaigns. In
killed, wounded and prisoners its losses aggre-
gated 327 men. It is said to have traveled an
aggregate of 7,245 miles.
The record of Knox County in the matter of

Residence Senator R. E. Purcell, Sixth and Busseron

response to the calls for troops was highly
creditable. In the dark days of 1862. when it
became necessary to make drafts throughout
the county, Knox was no exception to the rule.
Mr. M. P. Ghee was appointed draft commis-
sioner for Knox Counlty. The calls of 1862 and
1863 were filled without the necessity of draft.
Under first three calls of 1864 the quota of

Knox County was 374. This was the Presi-
dential election year and a sentiment was pre-
valent, to some extent, that "the war was a
failure," so that it became necessary to enforce
the draft to supply the demand, scarcely one-
third of the required number having volun-
teered, notwithstanding the most strenuous ef-
forts. Under the December call for 300,000
men, after the people had spoken their minds at
the polls and it was seen that the hands of
Mr. Lincoln were to be held up. every quota in
the county was filled save that of Decker,
which was deficient one. Every other township
in the county showed a surplus of volunteers
of from one, in each of several of them, to
twelve in Vincennes.

In July, 1861, Camp Knox was established as
a camp of instruction and drill for recruits, at
first under the command of General John A.
Mann, and later under that of Colonel George
W. Gorman. At
times there were in
this camp as many
as 1.500 or more sol-
diers. It was a great
attraction and was
visited by thousands
of people. Every
neighborhood had its
Soldiers' Aid Soci-
ety, and the ladies
of Vincennes and
Knox County did
much to alleviate
the sufferings of the
soldiers at the front.
After the battle of
Fort Doim<elson the
Bishop of Viuceuues
diocese tendered the
use of the Seminary
building for the care
of sick and wound-
ed soldiers brought
home from the front
and the aid of the

sisters in caring for them. On the 26th of
April, the City Council of Vincennes voted $3,-
000 for the care of the families of soldiers.
All told, there was given* in bounties and re-
lief by the county, various townships and City
of Vincennes. more than $152.000 to soldiers
and their families.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

In the Spanish-American war Yincennes bore
an honorable part, having furnished two com-
panies,. A. and L., of the J59th Indiana Volun-
teers.

Company A, Capt. T B. Coulter, of the
First Regiment, I. N. G. was an organization
that had been in existence for a number of
years and was one of the best drilled compan-
ies in the military organization of the State.
This company reported at Indianapolis on) the
2Gth of April, 1898, in response to orders from
Brigadier-General McKee, commanding State
forces. On the evening of the 25th citizens
tendered to the company a banquet at the
Grand Hotel, where patriotic speeches were
made and the boys givmi God-speed. A flag
provided by the ladies of the city was later
presented the company at Indianapolis by a
committee appointed for the purpose.

The roster of Company A is as follows:

Captain Thomas B. Coulter, Vincennes.

First Lieutenant Charles D. McCoy, Vin-
cennes. Died October 9, 1898.

Second Lieuteniant Adolph H. Kruse, Vin-
cennes.

(Mr. Kruse became first lieutenant on death
of Lieutenant McCoy and was succeeded as sec-
ond lieutenant by Sergeant Raymond A. Smith.)

First Sergeant Raymond A. Smith, Vin-
cennes.

Quartermaster Sergeant Louis Harnru, Viu-
cennes.

Sergeants Edward S. Sparrow, Emery C.
Thome, James R. Irwin, Arthur Saiter, Vin-
cennes.

Corporals ^Fred Castor, Fred Fossineyer,
James, A. Hughes. Judson Alton, William Jen-
kins, Vincennes; Elijah C. Williamson, Sand-
born.

Musicians Frederick W. Hall, Thomas B,
Wilson, Vincennes.

Artificer Charles Saiter, Vincennes.

Wagoner August Dreiman, Vincennes.

Privates Claud Adams, Ralph S. Alexander,
John W. Allen, Oliver I. Alton, Paul A. Aubry,
Vincennes: Clarence Baker, Linton; Eugene V.
Bartholomai, Jno. F. Beamon, Frederick A. Ber-
ry, Vincennes; Frederick R. Bomlfield, Danville;
Frank Browning, Vincennes; August Bubenzer,
Freelandsville; Albert Charles, Lee O. Church,
Matthew Clifton, Lawrence R. Cloin, Vio-
cennes; Edward Cooper, Terre Haute; William

A. Courier, Thomas W. Devine, Daniel S. Ever-
ett, Larkin Everett, Samuel Everett, William
Everett, Byron B. Fitch, John Flory, James H.
Fortner, Nelson Fry, Vincennes; George H.
Gifford, Indianapolis; Harry W. Gregory, Chas.
Z. Haas, Vincennes; William S. Hackett, Sand-
born, GoldeB Hardesty, Vincennes; Clyde Haw-
kins, WheatUnd; Oscar Hawkins, Elmo A. In-
derrieden, Joseph J. Joice, Archie T. Jordan,
Franklin R. Kiefner, Charles Kirtwood, Freder-

. iek C. Lacky, Grant Lamb, Lewis F. Martin,
William H. Milam, David F. Miller, John Muir,
Vincennes; Jonas Nolting, Freelandsville; Ar-
chie Owens, Jerome Pennington, Vincenntes; Os-
car Powell, Sandborn; Lee L. Rice, Lafayette N.
Rider, Andy Ruth, William Scott, John
F. Sloan, Glenn R. Smith, Vineennes;
Charles Steinberg, Bloomington; Thomas H.
Taylor, Everett O. Townsley, Vincennes; Erwln
E. Tryoni, Terre Haute; George R. Turner,
William H. Wathem, Theodore Witshark, Vin-
cenues: Harley Williams, Cowan; Harry

B. Wells, Vinicennes' Edgar A very, Sandborn;
Henry Brommelhaus, Charles H. Bouchie, Vin-
cennes; John F. Crane, Terre Haute; David
Daugherty, George Dill, Edward L. Dodd, Hen-
ry Devine, Vincennes; Elmer Edwards, Sand-
born: Clement L. Greene, Michael Hamm,
Charles E. Harris. Martin S. Hartel, John Heid-
enrich, Henry C. Kassens, William T. Martin,
Otto Meyer. Isaac G. McCleave. William W.
McCorniick, Oscar Peek, Joseph T. Randolph,
Harry E. Ratcliff, Charles E. Smith, Frank Tay-
lor, Thomas Wayman, John J. Weisenberger,
W ,-ilter Wood. Vincennes,

Company L. Capt. Robt. A. Simpson, was com-
posed of cadets and former cadets of the Uni-
versity. When the cal 1 for volunteers came,
patriotism ran high with the cadets and they
promptly tendered their services. They elected
officers, redoubled their efforts to perfect them-
selves im the manual of arms by constant and
earnest drill. On the 21th of April Captain
Simpson received orders to proceed to Camp
Mount, at Indianapolis, on the 28th, which he
did.. On the afternoon of the 27th a beau-
tiful silk flag was presented the company by
the patriotic young ladies of the University.
In the evening of the 29th the Board of Trus-
tees and faculty of the University tendered
to the company a banquet at which patriotic
speeches wero made and good advice given
the young soldiers. The cadet company on ar-
rival at Indianapolis was made Company L,

VINCENNES IX PICTURE AND STORY

of the First Regiment, I. N. G. This company
being composed of students who had for years
had the advantage of military training at the
UnSversiay was not at a disadvantage with
any in the regiment.
The roster of Company L is as follows:
Captain Robert A. Simpson, Vlncennes.
First Lieutenant Lee B. Purcell, Vincennes.
Second Lieutenant John B. Bayard, Vin-
cennes.

First Sergeant Winfield Robinson, Vin-
cennes.

Quartermaster Sergeant William R. Kenne-
dy, Vincennes.

Sergeants Harry T. Watts, Maurice F. Bay-
ard, William T. Purcell, Charles A. Thius, Vin-
cennes.

Corporals Lewis A. Holman, Willis; Barney
F. Greenhow, Marion Yelton, Ray G. Agnew,
Smiley C. Johnson, Andrew Roseman, Vin-
cennes.

Musicians Maurice D. Demaree, Blooming-
ton; Walter Shirts, Noblesville.
Artificer John E. Hartigam, Vincennes.
Wagoner Herman F. Piel, Vincennes.
Privates Albert E. Albright, William Alton,
Vincennes; Frank Aston, L'nceville, 111.; James
E. Bailey, Louis R. Bailey, Vincennes; Seth J.
Ballou, Bicknell; Judy K. Barnes, Greenville,
111.; Clarence Bicknell, Edward E. Blackwell,
Bicknell; Clark Bledsoe, Shoals; Louis N. Bou-
cfhie,' John J. Breem, Vincennes; Isaac D. Bry-
ant, Bdwardsport; John C. Burke, Vincennes;
Benjamin Carter, Crawford county, 111.; How-
ard Carter, Daviess Co., Ind.; Don H. Cassell,
Indianapolis; Charles C. Castor, Vincennies;
William L. Crum, Friendsville, 111.; Walter L.
Daugherty, Vinceunes; Thomas Dunn, Wheat-
land; William C. Emison, Thomas F. Fields,
Vincennies; George B. Fleming, Karl T. Fore-
man, Bruceville; Charles L. Gardner, Robert
Gwin, Vincennes; Andrew D. Houck, Bruce-
ville; Claude M. House, Bicknell; Clarence Huff
man, Walter C. Huffman, L'nceville, 111.; Wil-
liam E. Hurst, Vincemies; Charles A. Johnson,
Washington; Edward P. Johnson!, Vincennes;
Charles O. Kelso, Rushville; Frank Keneipp,
Vincennes; Ozro B. Lloyd, Monroe City; 'Mar-
tin E. Marome, Florence McCarty, James Mc-
Crisaken, Vincennes; Burford McOuat, Indian-
apolis; Lewis Organ, L'nceville, 111.; Harry H.
O'Whene, Vincennes; Owen M. O'Rourke,
L'nceville, 111.; Roland L. Perry, Vincennes;
Oharles Pickerel, L'nceville, 111.; Emery M.

Reedy, Knox county; Ervin -L. Reel, Vin-
cennes; Charles E. Robersou, Bicknell; Leon
H. Roberts, Cleveland, O.; Ernest Ruddy, Vin-
cennes; Edgar Z. Ryan, L'nceville, 111.; James
O. Sickels, Edwardsport; Paul W. Simpson,
Bruceville; Ammon E. Smith, Gards Point, 111.;
Joseph Smith, Allendale, 111.; Oath H. Smith,
Bickuell; Edward Thuis, Vincennes, Harry B.
Truedley, Cincinnaati, O.; Harry Turner, Mt.
Carmel, 111.; William H. Vaugnn, Edward O.
. Vieke, Vincennes; Charles Weger, Jasper; An-
ton J. Wirth, Mt. Carinel, 111.

Recruits Ambrose Braden, Mitchell; Chas.
A. Brocksmith, Viucennes; Sumner Cox, Emi-
son; Dean Crooke, Mitchell; William Dayson,
Maurice Dorey, Vincennes; William Dunn,
Wheatland; John W. Fox, Emison; Elmer
Fox. Bruceville; Emil Frey, Vincennes; Moses
M. Fulk, Farmer; Malott Fletcner, Indianapo-
lis: John H. Hatcher, Louis P. Hamm, Vin-
cennes; George W. Johnson, Koleen; Aden
Mansfield, Robinson; Charles A. Miller, Harry
McCarty, William F. McDowell, Vincennes;
Nelson Norton, Sullivan; George Olmstead,
Brownstown; Edward F. Pierson, Edward
Roseman, Richard C. Robintson, Herman
Schmidt, Vincennes; Ethelbert C. Stewart,
L'nceville, 111.; Charles Soden, Bicknell; Otto
Shelkofsky, Oscar Sparks, Harry W. Soete,
Vincennes; James F. Snyder, Pinkstaff, 111.;
Edward Wetzel, Vincennes; Joseph B. Wit-
tenmyer, Emison.

The First Regiment was mustered into the
service of the United States May 12, 1898, as
the 159 Indiana Volunteers.

The regiment left Camp Mount May 22, and
arrived at Camp R. A. Alger, Dunn Loring,
Virginia, May 24. Here it remained till August
3, when! it broke camp and marched to Burke's
Station, nine miles. On the 5th it continued
the march to Yates' Ford and camped on Bull
Run battle ground; thence on the Tth it march-
ed to New Bristow, Va., and on the 9th com-
pleted a march of forty miles to Thoroughfare
Gap, Va.

From Thoroughfare Gap the regiment was
moved by rail to Camp Meade, near Middle-
town, Pa., where it arrived August 29. Under
orders for the muster out of the regiment, it
left Camp Meade September 11, and arrived
at Camp Mount, Indianapolis, September 13.
Five days later the entire regiment was fur-
loughed for thirty days. Later, on telegraphic
orders from the war department, the furlough

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

was extended to include November 10. The
regiment was mustered out November 23.

The 159th was commanded by Ool. John T.
Baruet, of Piqua, Ohio; Col. George McCoy, of

Vincennes, now colonel of the First Regiment
I. N. G., was lieutenant- colonel of the 159th.
It was brigaded with the Third New York and
the 22d Kansas, these regiments constituting

the First brigade of the second division, Sec-
ond Army Corps. The brigade was command-
ed by Brigadier-General Mark D. Sheaf, the
division! by Brigadier-General George W. Da-
. vis, afterwards
governor general
of Porto Rico and
now provost mar-
tial general at
Manila. The corps
commander was
Major General
William M. Gra-
ham. The 159th
was recognized in
the corps as one
of the best discip-
lined in the corn-
man.

On their arrival
at home the boys
were received
with demonstra-
tions of great re-
gard by the citi-
zens, who met
them at the train
rain en masse.
They marched in
a body to the
court square
where an address
of welcome was
delivered by the
Hon. J. W. Emi-
son and- respond-
ed to by Lieuten-
ant-Colonel Mc-
Coy and Cap-
tains Coulter and
Simpson. They
were sumptuous-
ly banqueted at
the Union Depot
Hotel in the even-
Ing.

The spirit of
comradeship de-
_ veloped in the
b service shows It-
self yet among the officers and men and It is
safe to say that should auother appeal to their
patriotism be made the response would be no
less prompt and effective than in this case.

I
H

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

CHAPTER XV.

CORPORATE HISTORY OF VINCENNES.
WHERE HISTORY WAS MADE. HIS-
TORICAL NOTES.

The first acts for the government of the vil-
lage or borough of Vinceumes were passed by
the Legislature in 1805, and approved in 1807,
but it appears the village or borough was not
incorporated till the act of 1815. By this act
the following persons were named trustees:
Robert Buntin, Joshua Bond, William Bullitt,
Henry Hurst, Chas. Smith, Jacob Kuykendall,
Hyacinth Laselle, Touissant Dubois and Peter
Jon)es. The boundaries of the borough were
those included at present by Hart on the north-
east, the church lands on the south-west, the
Wabash River on the north-west and Eleventh
Street on the south-east. This remained the
boundary of the village until the year 1817,

Phoio by Tvwnsley

Residence Auditor James D. Williams, Eighth and Broadway

when "Harrison's Addition" was annexed by
act of the Legislature. These enlarged limits
remained unchanged till the place was incor-
porated as a city in 1856, after a special elec-
tion held in January, 1856. The last meeting
of the village trustees was held February 7,
1856.
The president of the Board of Trustees in

1815, as far back as a record showing is pre-
served, was Fred Graeter, who served two-
years. He was succeeded by Robert Buntin,
1817-18; A. Patterson, 1818-19; Robert Buntin,
1819-20; John Moore, 1820-23; (Owen Reily, pro
tern., 1823); John Collins, 1823-26; G. W. John-
son, 1826-28; J. S. C. Harrison, 1828-37; Abner
T. Ellis, 1837-56. The first mayor of the City
of Vincennes was John Meyers, 1856-57. He
was followed by James Dick, 1857 to 59; W. A.
Jones, 1859-60; R. M. Kennedy, 1860-62; H. V.
Somes, 1863-67; Geo. E. Green, 1867-69; W. B.
Robinson, 1869-73; J. S. Pritchett, 1873-74; (An-
ton Kapps, pro tern., 1873); W. H. Beeson,
1874-77; W. B. Searight, 1877-83; J. H. Shouse,
1883-85; John W T ilhelm, 1885-89-, Francis Mur-
phy. 1889-91; O. G. Miller, 1891-94; George E.
Green, 1894-1902.

The following have served as village and city
clerks: B. I. Harrison, 1815-17: G. R. Sullivan,
1817-23: E. Stout,
1823-33: Martin Rob-
inson, 1833-37: Sam-
uel Hill, 1837-56;
A. M o n t g o m ery,
1856-60; G. C. Ma-
thesie, 1860-69; G. S.
Turney, 1869-75;
Emil Grill, 1875-79;
C. Cripps, 1879-85;
C. M. Allen, 1885-87;
George E. Green,
1887-94: Charles
Langel. 1894-1802.

WHERE H 1 S-
TORY WAS MADE.
-Fort S a.c k v i 1 1 e
captured in 1779 by
George Rogers
Clark, was located,
it is stated on good
authority, not far
from First and Main
Streets, being to the
north-west of the
latter street and

about twenty or thirty yards from the river.
The little log church in which, at the instance
of the good Father Gibault, the inhabitants of
Vincennes first took the oath of allegiance to
the State of Virginia, stood further over to-
ward the site of the present venerable St.
Francis Xavier Cathedral. Later, a fort,
which has been variously identified as a sec-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

ond Fort Sackville and the first Fort Kiiox,
stood at a point near First and Buntin Streets.
This second fort was built in 1793. Owing to
friction between the citizens and the soldiers
of the garrison, Governor Harrison, ini 1807, or-
dered the fort built above the village at a point
now recognized as the site of Fort Knox. Fort
Saekville is said to have taken its name from
Jean Sacqueville, a />, / by <rodd
French trader and
soldier in the em-
ploy of the Detroit
French Fur Co. Fort
Knox was named in
honor of President
Washington's secre-
tary of war, John
Knox.

The store of the
Spaniard, Laurent
B a z a d o n, whose
goods were im-
pressed by General
Clark in 1786, stood
at the corner of Sec-
ond and St. Peters,
(mow Broadway.)
The residences of
Col. Vigo and John
Rice Jones stood on
opposite sides of St.
Peter's (now Broad-
way), beyond Sec-
ond Street. In Col.

Vigo's house Governor Harrison made his
headquarters when he first came to the Capital
of Indiana Territory. A part of this house re-
mained as late as 1856. In the same neighbor-
hood resided Judge Vanderburg.

In a frame house at the south corner of Third
arid Broadway, the first Territorial Legislature
held its sessions. Governor Harrison's resi-
dence was at the head of St. Louis Street. This
was the first building of burnt brick west of
Pittsburg. In this vicinage the celebrated con-
ferences with Tecumseh and other historic
events of importance transpired. The gov-
ernor's plantation had been named '"Grouse-
land" by its owner and was held in high esti-
mation by him. Romantic stories are told of
a tunnel leading to the river to be used for
escape from the Indians in case of necessity
and of a powder magazine located beneath the
family room by which the general designed to

destroy himself and fr.mily rather than permit
them to fall into the hands of a savage foe.
There does not seem to be a reasonable founda-
tion for these statements.

The first building used as a court hoxise was
at the north corner of Second and Broadway.
It was later used as a hospital by soldiers. The
court house was the brick at the west

Prospect Hill Coal Shaft

corner of Fourth and Buntin, now a private
residence. The present court house square
\vas bought of Jacob Kuykendall in 1830.

The "Bank of Vincenines," incorporated by
legislative act in 1814 and which subsequently
became the "State Bank of Indiana, with four
branches in various parts of the state," and
was wrecked by fraud and mismanagement of
the grossest kind, within seven years from its
formation, was located in a two-story brick at
the east corner of First and Broadway.

HISTORIC NOTES. The first theater was
built by John Rice Jones, and the first play,
given in 1807, was entitled, "Drowning Meij
Catch at Straws." A singular coincidence is
that oni the day the play appeared a man was
drowned in the Wabash.

A duel was fought just across the river in
1813 between Dr. Scull and Parmenus Beckes,
in which the latter was killed.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Notwithstanding the ordinance of 1787, by
which the territory was constituted, forbade
slavery within its boundaries, many of the in-
habitants held slaves to a late date, and the
institution did not finally disappear till 1840.
It is said Governor Harrison had quite a
retinue of slaves. In .1808 the tax lists showed
123 slaves, enumerated as "servants," and in
1830 there were thirty-two slaves listed.

The vehicle in common use among the creole
population as late as 1840 was the "caleehe,"
a cart with two woodeni wheels, with rawhide
tires, if any, and with a deep, square box for a
bed.

But once in its history has Vincennes suf-
fered severely from an epidemic disease. This
was in 1820 when a malarial fever of malignant
type caused great loss of life. It was at-
tributed to stagnant water in the vicinity.
Numerous stagnant ponds existed and the river

had become stagnant and foul by reason of a
peculiar water grass which grew in its bed.
It was many years before the little village out-
grew the effects of this terrible scourge.

Three great fires have occurred in the history
of Vincennes. The first of these was on the
16th of October. 1841, and destroyed every-
thing on the north-east side of Main Street ex-

cept two buildings. The second great fire oc-
curred Dec. 0, 1854, and destroyed all the build-
ings on the north-east side of Main Street be-
tween Second and Third Streets. On Sunday,
April 15, 1860, nine buildings on the south-east
side of Second, between Main and Busseron,
were destroyed. In 1808, in "General Court,"
Judges Vanderburg and Parke presiding, Abra-
ham Hiley was sentenced to death for the mur-
der of John Coffiiian. On the 29th of October
he stood upon the drop with the noose adjusted
about his neck. In) a moment more the drop
would have fallen, when he was respited by the
governor. The respite having expired a few
days later, he was again placed on the scaffold
and this time pardoned by the governor before
the drop fell. Only two judicial executions
have occurred at Vincennes within its history.
These were Thomas McKinney, Oct. 15, 1822,
for the murder of Tames Boyd, and William
Cox, a negro, April
9, 1824, for rape. It
thus fell to the lot
of a sinigle circuit
judge, Jacob Call, to
sentence the only
criminals ever hung
at Vincennes. The
judge, not long
afterwards, c o rn-
mitted suicide on
the eve of his in-
tended marriage.

Among the dis-
tinguished men more
or less identified
with the early his-
tory of Vinjcennes.
we may mention be-
sides Governor,
afterwards P r e s i-
dent Ilarrison, John
Badollet, first regis-
ter of the land office,
a position he ob-
tained through the

personal friendship of Albert Gallatin, a mem-
ber of the President's cabinet. He came to
Vincennes in this capacity on the organization
of the territory in 1800, and continued to hold
the position 1 till failing health compelled his
resignation in 1836. He died the next year.

Colonel Francis Vigo, whose aid to General
Clark contributed so much to the success of

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

any of the streets of the city. As first con-
structed the road ran from the depot to First
Street, with the present loop at the depot and
a loop around the two blocks bounded by
First, Third, Main and Busseron. It was a
single track, with switches, and the motive
power was mules. The first cars were run in
1883. About 1886, the loop at the down-town

Photo fcy Shores

his expedition, resided in Vincennes for many
years prior to his death. It is a blot on our
early congressional history that Colontel Vigo,
though in dire need In his declining years, was
never able to secure reimbursement for his out-
lay of over $9,000 in Clark's behalf.

General Zachary Taylor, tenth President of
the United States, when a captain commanded
at Fort Knox for a
time.

Judge Benjamin
Parke was one of
the big men of his
day, and the resi-
dence he built In
1804 still stands on
Upper First near
Hart Street. He was
territorial delegate
in Congress and sub-
sequently became
judge of the U. S.
District Court.

The first lodge of
the Masonic frater-
nity organized here
was Vincennes
Lodge, No. 1, being
also, of course, the
first In the bounds
of the state. It was
chartered by the
Grand Lodge of Ken-
tucky, Sept. 1, 1808. Residence Mrs. Arabella McKenney, Third and Vigo

Wabash Lodge, No. 20, I. O. O. F., the first
lodge of Odd Fellows, was organized in 1840.

Charter for street railway was granted Oct.
24, 1881, to Chas. and Frederick Graeter and
their associates, successors and assigns, the
corporate name being the Vincennes Citizens'
Street Railway Co. The company was formed
with a capital stock of $15,050. The original
incorporators were Frederick Graeter, Charles
Graeter, John W. Graeter, George W. Graeter,
O. P. Baker and Christ Hoffman. In 1885
Frederick Graeter bought the stock of Ohas.
Graeter, Baker and Hoffman, and two years
later the entire stock was transferred to George
W. Graeter, who had been manager of the lines
from the first.

The franchise of this corporation was very
broad and for a term of fifty years. It per-
mitted the company to enter upon and occupy

end was taken up, the lines running up Main
to Second and out Second, to Scott. In 1891
Mr. Graeter sold out to a company formed for
the purpose of building an electric line. The
new company was composed of Messrs. Hudnut,
Gerner, Walker and Barr, of Terre Haute, and
Allen Tiudolph, of Vincennes.. Electric power
was installed ami within the next two or three
years the road was extended to the fair
grounds and to its present terminus on Second
Street, and double tracked.

The Wagon Bridge over the Wabash was
built in 1869. The original company, formed
in December, 1868, was composed of leading
citizens, prominent among them being L. L.
Watson, Colonel C. M. Allen, R. J. McKenny,
William Burtch, and Charles A. Weisert. The
authorized capital of the company was $40,000.
The plan was to build a structure entirely of
wood. After the contract was let, however,

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

it was decided to build an iron draw. This iu
creased the cost to $79,000, and additional stock
to the amount of $39,000 was issued. A part
of the bridge, at the Vincennes end, was de-

Photo by Shores

\ Residence Governor Harrison, built in J804. Owned and Occupied by Mr. E.
S. Sheperd, of Vincennes Paper Co., Park and Scott S reets.

stroyed in a storm in 1869, but immediately re-
built. In 1876 the two wooden spans were re-
built of iron at a cost of $10,000. The entire
stock was acquired by the city in 1890, and the
bridge, which had previoiisly been operated as
a toll bridge, made free.

CHAPTER XVI.
VINCENNES UNIVERSITY.
The subject of education early occupied the
minds of manly of the intelligent people of the
territory but serious obstacles presented them-
selves to the development of a system, and of
such nature that they could not be overcome

in the prevailing condition of society. The'
United States government, by the ordinance of
1787, under which the territory was organized,
had made liberal provisions in 1 that direction,
by reserving the six-
teenth section! of
every township in
the public lands to
school purposes.
However, the posi-
tive opposition of
some, the indiffer-
ence of many and
the poverty of all
were mountainous-
barriers to an early
development of the-
proposed system. In
1807 the Territorial
Legislature passed
an act for the in-
corporation of the
Vincennes Universi-
ty "for the instruc-
tion of youth in the-
Latin, Greek,
French and English
Languages, mathe- '
matics, natural phil-
osophy, ancient and
modern h i s t o r y t
moral philosophy,
logic, rhetoric and
the law of nature
and nations."

In 1808 provision
was made for the im-
provement of the-
school lands by au-
thorizing the execu-
tion of leases through the various common
pleas courts. Under an act passed in 1810 the
courts were authorized to appoint trustees of
school lands ini the various counties. The first,
second and third sections of the state consti-
tution of 1816 required the Legislature to pro-
vide for the improvement of school lands, to-
pi-event their sale prior to 1820 and to adopt
measures for the security and proper adminis-
tration of all school funds. In the 9th article
it was provided that "It shall be the duty of
the General Assembly, as soon as circum-
stances will permit, to provide by law for a
general system of education, ascending, in a

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

regular gradation, from township schools to a
State University, wherein tuition shall be
.gratis, and equally open to all."

In this connection, probably the account of
the origin and progress of that institution as
given in its announcement for the year 1901,
could not be improved upon. It is as follows:

"The existence of the Viiicennes University
ds due to the ordinance of 1787, for the govern-
ment of the territory n'orth-west of the Ohio.
That document contained the following signifi-
cant paragraph: 'Religion, morality and
knowledge being necessary to good govern-
ment and the happiness of mankind, schools
-anti the means of education shall forever be
encouraged.' This expression of Congress set
the tone for the future management of this
territory, and the act parsed March 26, 1804,
governing the disposal of public lands therein,
provided that the

following out the same policy, the Indiana Ter-
ritorial Legislature, at its first session, passed
'an act to incorporate an university in, the In^
diana Territory, to be called and known by the
name and style of Vincennes University. This
was approved by the governor, William Henry
Harrison, November 29, 1806. The first board
of trustees was named in the act as follows:

William Henry Harrison, Ellas McNamee,
John Gibson, Henry Vanderburg, Francis Vigo,
Waller Taylor, Jacob Kuykendall, Nathaniel
Ewing, John Badollet, Luke Decker, John Rice
Jones, Samuel Gwathmej, George Wallace, Jr.,
John Johnson, William Bullitt.

"These trustees were authorized to found an
University 'within the borough of Vincennes
and to appoint to preside over and govern it a
president and not exceeding four professors for
the instruction of youth in Latins, Greek,

flection numbered
sixteen 'shall be re-
served in each
township for the
support of schools
within the same.'
The same act pro-
vided that in each
of the three land
districts (Detroit,
Kaskaskia and Vin-
cenneo), an tire
township was 'to
be located by the
secretary of the
treasury for the
use of a seminary
of learning.'

"In obedience to
this act, Albert
G-allatin, secretary
of the treasury,
chose township No.
2 south, range 11
west, as the semi-
nary township in

Photo by Shores

the Vincennes district, that is, in the Territory
of Indiana. This land is now Patoka Town-
ship in Gibson County, the site of a part of the
Oity of Princeton.

"The Legislature of Ohio had previously (Jan-
uary 9, 1802) laid the foundation of the first
college in the North-west, the Ohio University
at Athens. With this example before it, and

Residence;. D. La Croix, 420 S. Third

French and English languages, mathematics,
natural philosophy, logic, rhetoric and the law
of nature and of nations.'

"The first meeting of the trustees was held
December, 1800, which is counted as the begin-
ning of the school. The work of instruction
began in earnest in 1810, with Rev. Samuel
Scott as the first president, the elementary

VIXCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

branches being taught in addition to those
prescribed in the charter."

We are largely indebted to a paper prepared
by Dr. H. M. Smith and read by President
Hershman at the foundation day exercises of
the University, in 1901, for the following facts
in the history of this institution of learning.

The first property acquired by the University

'Photo by Tov)nsley

with no better result, and the institution) led. a
precarious existence till in 1820 the Indiana
State Legislature passe*; an act appointing
commissioners to take possession of said lands,
rent them, and turn the proceeds into the state
treasury. At the same time the attempt was
made to blot the University out of existence
by superseding it with the "Knox County Semi-

nary," incorporated
under state law. A

_____ Board of Trustees

of the new institu-
tion was appointed
and authorized to
take over the
books, funds and
lands of the Uni-
versity. The Board
of Trustees of the
University, though
without a school,
or school funds, ap-
pear to have main-
tained a legal exist-

Residence I. Lyons, 404 North Fourth

was a tract of laud embracing almost the en-
tire four squares bounded by Perry, Sixth,
Hart and Fourth Streets, secured by the build-
ing committee of the Board of Trustees from
Colonel Francis Vigo and Henry Vanderburg,
two of the original Board of Trustees. A large
two story brick building was erected in the
center of this campus 2-.:t owing to the diffi-
culties attending all building operations in
those days, was not ready for occupation till
the 10th of April, 1811.

Rev. Samuel Scott, a Presbyterian minister,
was selected to open an English school in the
new building. Having practically exhausted
its funds in building, the trustees, in 1816, peti-
tioned Congress for leave to sell the 19,000
acres remaining of the Gibson County reserva-
tion. This was, however, denied it. The peti- ,
tion was renewed to subsequent congresses

ence, ami in
1838, reorganized,
with Rev. Thomas
Alexander, presi-
dent, and George
R. Gibson, secre-
t a r y. Measures
were taken to re-
cover the records
of the old board
and to secure a set-

tlement with the borough of Vincennes as to
funds arising from the sale of commons lands,
authorized by act of Con'gress. In 1839 the
Knox County Seminary Board relinquished all
claim to the grounds and building. Debts to a
considerable amount having accrued against
the property by this time, after due delibera-
tion it was decided best to sell it and it was
disposed of to St. Gabriel's College for the sum
of $6,500.

The board now took steps looking to the
erection of a new building, but in the meantime
rented a brick building which stood near the
corner of Fifth and Market (now Main) Streets,
and employed Rev. B. B. Killikelly, organizer
and first rector of St. James Episcopal Church,
to take charge, with one assistant. The lot
at the corner of Fifth and Busseron, on which
the University building stands, was bought of

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Dr. Hiram Decker for $500. In) 1842 Rev.
Killikelly, being about to proceed on a
tour to the eastern states and to Eng-
land in behalf of his conigr egat ion, resigned the
principalship of the .school and in the following
year the State of Indiana, through its Legis-
lature, made a second attack on the school, by
authorizing the county board of Knox County
to seize all the assets of the University. No
attempt was made by the county authorities,
however, to carry into execution the authority
a grant of which was th-.is attempted. This lute
attempt on the part of the Legislature to crush
it, appears to have aroused the friends of the
University and the Board of Trustees to action
and they immediately sought legal counsel and
obtained from Chancellor Kent, through briefs
prepared by Hon. Samuel Judah, an opinion as
follows: "I am of opinion that the Legislature
of Indiana is

bound by the most phoio by To^vnsley

imperious obliga-
tions of justice and
honor, to fhdem-
n'fy the University
for this unconstitu-
tional arrest and
detention of their
property." Thus
fortified the board
authorized its at-
torneys, Hon. Sam-
uel Judah and A.
T Ellis, to begin
ejectment proceed-
ings against the
grantees of the
state to its lands
in Gibson County.
Such a storm of in-
d i g n a t i o n was,
however, raised by
s Jiese proceedings,
threatening to lead
to physical vio-
lence, that the con-
testing attorneys reached an understanding by
which the representatives of Knox and Gibson
Counties were prevailed upon to secure the pas-
sage of an act authorizing the University board
to sue the state for the value of the lands.

The bill was passed and suit brought in the
Marion County Circr.it Court, wh-n-e a judg-
ment was secured for the sum of $30.<)00.5<5 for

that part of the lauds already disposed of by
the state. On appeal by the state, the State
Supreme Court reversed this judgment. The
trustees then carried the cause to the United
States Supreme Court, where the State Su-
preme Court was reversed and where it was
calculated the amount due the University at
that time, 1852, was $200,000. The state then
attempted to defeat the claim by an alleged
forfeiture ot charter on the part of yie Uni-
versity. Failing in this, the Legislature of
1855 appropriated $66,565 in payment for
"lands already sold." After further litigation,
a further sum of $41,5(35 was appropriated but
from this sum the University was required to
pay all t'he costs of the litigation; from the first
appropriation the attorneys retained one-third,
so that less than half the amount actually due,
according to the decision of the U. S. Supreme

Residence Judge O. H. Cobb, 324 Broadway

Court, was received. Finally, in 1895, a fur-
ther appropriation of .$ir>,<>(><) was made, and
Mil effort nuiile to secure ;i formal release of the
state from further obligation, but this the
board declined to grant. Again, after a hard
fight in IS!)!), conducted by Senator Purcell, in
the Senate, and RepreM ntatives Willoughby
and Claycomb in the House, an appropriation

VINCENXES IN PICTURE AND STORY

of $120,000 ' ate 4 per cent, bonds was
made, passii^ ch houses by overwhelming
majorities, bu t Governor Mount declined to
sign the bill, and it failed to become a law.
The matter was again pressed to the attention
of the Legislature at its next session, but with-
out success.
While this litigation has been in progress, the

Residence W. B. Purcell, 5J6 Busseron

Board of Trustees -has not been idle. Having
come into possession of a good brick building
on their lot, erected by an arranegment with
the county commissioners, the school was in
1856 reinstated with Rev. R. M. Chapman as
president, and since that time has had a con-
tinuous existence and a constant growth in im-
portance and influence. In the year 1856, the
trustees bought the lot at the south corner of
Fifth and Busseron and erected thereon a
building for a female department. This separ-
ate department was conducted for a consider-
able time, but was eventually consolidated
with the male department in the brick build-
Ing. The lot was sold in 1880 to Mr. Christian
Bberwine for $25.000.

In 1878. finding the school had outgrown its
quarters, the trustees decided to erect a new
and larger building and the main part of the
present handsome structure was built at a cost
of $14,616. It soon became necessary to build
an important addition which was done in

1889, at a cost of $4,180, this addition compris-
ing a hall and six rooms "on the south and
west end."

In 1891 the Vincennes University was accord-
ed recognition as a military school, by the de-
tail under authority of congress of an officer of
the army as drill master. The first officer
was Lieutenant R. C. Melt, of the 10th

infantry. He was
succeeded in 1893
by Lieutenant U.
G. Kemp, of the 2d
cavalry and he In
1897 by Lieutenant
A. M. Davis, of the
8th cavalry. So ef-
ficient and well
drilled was the
cadet, company
that on the declara-
tion of war with
Spain and the call
for volunteers, this
company was ac-
cepted as a whole
as one company of
the 159th regiment,
and was in the ser-
ice for seven
months. Dr. Smith
adds: "This was the
first volunteer com-
pany to offer its services to the governor of the
state, and the only full company of cadets sent
by any state institution of learning In the
union, to engage in the Spanish war."

After the Spanish war the military branch
was for a time under the efficient care of Mr.
Lee B. Pnrcell. but since the latter was ap-
pointed to a lieutenancy in the U. S. Marine
Corps the branch of military tactics has not
been receiving attention.

In the field of athletic sports the University
has in the last three years made an honor-
able record. Its football team has been de-
feated very rarely in the numerous contests
with various institutions of learning through-
out the state.

The present members of the Board of Trus-
tees, officers and instructors of the institution
are as follows:

BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Dr. H. M. Smith,
president: W. B. Robinson, secretary: Joseph L.
Bayard, treasurer: Hiram A. Foulks. Major W.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

P. Gould, W. F. Townsend, Ed-
ward Smith, R. E. Purcell, Dr.
W. M. Hindman, S. N. Cham-
bers, Chas. Bierhaus, Jas. W.
Emison, T. H. Adams, W. C.
Johnson, Prof. James E. Man-
chester, president and ex-offleo
member of board.

FACULTY: President and
professor of mathematics, Dr.
James E. Manchester, D. Sc.

Professor of Greek and Latin,
William C. Hengen, Lit. B.

Professor of Science, O. M.
Duncan.

Professor of English Litera-
ture, T. J. Davis.

Professor of Modern Lan-
guages, Mrs. J. E. Manchester.

Professor of Philosophy and
Pedagogy, Rev. De Lou Burkf.

Piano Department, Miss Mary
Venable.

Vocal Department, Mrs. Mar-
garet Eluere.

'Photo by Todd

Residence Herman Boog, 28 S. Fourth

Vincennes University, Fifth and Busseron

THE VINCENNES Of TO-DAY

MANUFACTURING AND BUSINESS INTERESTS
AND THE MEN WHO CONDUCT THEM.

Having given the history of Vincennes so far
as known from the earliest colonial period, to
the present, we will now turn our attention to
the city of the present. Having seen how it
was founded and how it grew we will now
see into what it has grown and into what it
promises to grow.

The city of Vincennes as it now exists is one
of the most progressive, energetic and growing
cities of the State. With a population of 12,000
thrifty, intelligent people, bent on its develop-
ment and advancement, with numerous and
varied manufacturing interests, with raw ma-
terials for manufactures within easy reach,-
many of them at its very door, with transpor-
tation facilities and frei.ent rates unsurpassed,
with a demand for residences which an un-
precedented activity in building fails to sup-
ply; with a board of trade active, intelligent
and well supplied with funds for the location
of factories, there is every reason to believe
the future lies bright bei'ore her and that the
growth of more than fifty per cent, shown for
the previous decade by the census of 1900 will
be far outstripped by that of the current de-
cade.

In the midst of one of the finest agricultural
sections in the world, in a delightful and salu-
brious climate, with educational facilities sur-
passed by few cities 61 its size, with church
organzations and edifices of rare perfection,
with excellent streets ana sidewalks, with so-
cial advantages unsurpassed, with all the mod-
ern conveniences that add to the comfort and
pleasure of living, it takes its place in the first
rank of desirable residence cities.

With four vast systems of railroads directly

connecting it with ev,ery great trade center and
very low switching charges, in the matter of
freight privileges no city is better provided.
Work soon to be begun under government di-
rection for the improvement of the Wabash
will be of great advantage to Vincennes in the
matter of water transportation. With a good,
vein of coal of superior steam making proper-
ties near the surface and within easy reach of
an unlimited supply, which can be had at very-
low rates, the fuel question is one that needs
trouble the Vincennes manufacturer little.

Labor is abundant, both skilled and common,
and factories seldom find difficulty in obtain-
ing all they desire.

A university, six fine public school build-
ings, five schools conducted by various
churches and religious societies, covering all
grades from primary to academic, furnish
abundant opportunity for the training of the-
young.

Twelve church edifices of various grades up-
to $35,000 cost, with large and flourishing con-
gregations, furnish ample accommodation for
worship.

We have not attempted in the following
pages to mention every business and profes-
sional man, nor indeed any great number,
comparatively, but the various lines of manu-
factures and business touched upon will give
some faint idea of what we have. Before
taking these up we wi!l have a word to say
about the Vincennes Board of Trade, an or-
orgnnization on whose efforts in a large meas-
ure depends the future growth of the city, as*
to it is in a like measure due the city's past
development.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

VINCENNES BO0RD Of TR0DE

The Vincennes Board of Trade was organ-
ized in 1883, the first meeting of which record
was made having been held in the parlors of
the La Plante hotel June
28, of that year. There
seems to have been a
previous meeting at
which a committee on
by-laws had been ap-
pointed as they made
report at this meeting
and the matter was
laid over for further
further consideration
until the next meeting.
The board of directors

Edw. Watson, President ^3 also requested to

report at the next meeting on the matter of
a "room." This was held in the evenling of
July 3, at the same place as the former meet-
ing. At this time the
report of the commit-
tee on by-laws was
adopted, as was also a
resolution of thanks to
J. D. Cox for the use
of the parlors of the
La Plamte House for
the meetings, and offi-
c?rs were elected as
follows:

President, N. F. Dai-
ton.

V ice-President, Ed-
ward Watson.

Secretary, Dr. George I>1. Ockford.
Assistant Secretary, Lewis A. Wise.

Treasurer, Joseph L.
Bayard.

The following board
of directors was chos-
en:

J. H. Rabb G. Wein-
stein, P. R. McCarthy,
E. M. Thompson, E. H.
Smith.

At the next meeting
July 17, nine business
men were elected to
membership.
Without following up

Geo. W. Roush

T. H. Adams

the work from meeting to meeting further,

which the limitations of our space forbids,

suffice it to say that the growth of the board

membership in its ear-

ly days was quite satis-

factory and that it

numbered among its

active members many

of the prominent busi-

ness and professional

men of those days.

Among the charter

members who are still

active members we

lote: President Ed-

ward Watson, Treasur-

er Joseph L. Bayard, H. F. Willis. Secretar '

E. H. Smith, L. A. Wise, R. E. Russell and P.
R. McEarthy.

N. F. Dalton, who was at this meeting
C'losen president of tin,
board, proved an active
and intelligent execu-
tb e, and he was an-
nually re-elected until
and including 1890, but
m the fall of 1890 he
resigned the position
ana was succeeded by
Mr. Watson, the pres-
ent incumbent. At its
September meeting the
b-jard passed a resolu-
tion of thanks for his ; - A ' Risch

long and faithful service and expressing regret
that he could not longer serve them. At the
meeting held September 19, 1890, Mr. Edward
W.'tson was chosen
president to succeed __^______^^__ -

President Dalton, re-
signed, and has held
that position since, with
the exception of two
terms, Mr. Joseph L.
Ebner haying served
from March 24, 1899, to
April 30, 1901.

The present member-
ship of the board is
about 200. The cost of
membership is $5.00 for

McCord

VIXCBNNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

certificate and monthly lues of 25c, payable
semi-annually. Since its organization this board
has done much for the city by securing the
location of factories, no
less than nine of the im-
portant industries now
contributing to the well-
fj;re of the city owing
thtir existence here to
the efforts of the board
in that behalf, while
others have been assist-
ed with stock and still
others located which
ht)ve since been discon-
tinued.

The first of these lo- w - A - CuII P

cated was the Vincennes Paper Mill, which
was located in September 1886, and was quickly
followed by the Enterprise Stove Company the
next year. A starch factory was secured in
1888 and proved of great advantage to the city
until its destruction by fi.e. The Fyfield & Lee
Woolen Mills were locateu in the same year. At
the meeting of January, 1S89, President Dalton,
in his annual address, celled attention to four
industries that had been secured through the

Photo by Shores

New Depot of Terre Haute Brewing Co., First, bet. Main and Busseron

efforts of the Board of Trade: the Paper Mill,
Enterprise Stove Works, GJ over's Stave Factory
and the Woolen Mills, whose combined gross
output amounted to $2/2,000 and which em-
ployed 270 people to w.'tom the annual pay-
ments amounted to
$77,000, 38J per cent, of
the gross production.
Tioese enterprises, so
Mr. Dalton said, had
e. st the people of Vin-
cennes a total of $13,-
500. In 1889 the Bell &
\rmistead Manufactur-
.rg Company (sewer
pipe works) was estab-
'isned here at a cost of
$5000 to the Board of
Trade. Another $10,000 Eugene Hack

was subscribed to this oompan/y later when its
plant was destroyed by fi. e. In this year also
the Hartman Manufacturing Company was
organized and placed in operation and the
Baker Manufacturing Company (egg case fac-
tory), now owned and operated by the Vln-
cennes Paper Company, was secured through
the efforts of the board, so that 1889 was a
red letter year in the
matter of the loca-
tion of factories at
Vincenes.

In 1893 the Hart-
well Handle Works
was located through
the efforts of the
board.

In 1895 the Marlon
Hardwood Lumber
Company.

In 1896, the Inter-
State Distillery.

In 1897 the Shep-
erd Paper Mill burn-
ing of the Vin-
cennes Paper Com-
pany was organ-
ized through the ef-
forts of the board
and the mills rebuilt
on enlarged plans.
In 1899 the Vin-
cennes Bridge Com-
pany was located. In

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

1900 Roush's Basket factory was organized,
and in the same year an arrangement was
concluded with the Central Foundry Company
whereby its plant was ro be doubled and to
employ mot less than 250 men. This has been
accomplished.

In 1901 the Vincennes Window Glass Com-
pany was secured to the city and is now em-
ploying at good wages a')out 200 men with the
prospect of a constant development and in-
crease of pay roll. In .1901 also the Indiana
Hantdle Company, employing now in the neigh-
borhood of fifty men at good wages, was

Population 14,000. Had gas, electric light and
power, electric street railway, filtered water
company, stand pipe and direct pressure; maxi-
mum power, 90 horse pcvver; minimum power,
40 horse power.

Fire alarm system, with a fine modern
equipped paid fire department.
Lines of traffic -rail and water.
Wabash river navigabl^ eight to ten months
of the year.

Baltimore snd Ohio Railroad.
Pennsylvania Lines.

Cleveland, Cincin-
nati and St. Louis
Big Four.

Evansville and.
Terre Haute.

Three National
Banks, whose capi-
tal and surplus prof-
its amount to $416,-
937.17, and their de-
posits $2,512,^10.56.

Rate of gas, 95-
cents per thousand.

Rate of water
maximum, 25 cents
per 1,000 gallons.
Rate of water min-
imum, 8 cents per
1,000 gallons.

Average rate of
taxation for past
five years, $2.12.

Price of Bitumin-
ous Coal per ton:
Slack, 50c per ton;
nut and slack, 85c
per ton; mine run,
$1.25 per ton; lump,
$1.65 per ton.

The present offi-
cers are: President,
Second Street, South from Busseron Edward Watson,

proprietor of Union Depot Hotel and largely
interested in various manufacturing concerns;
Vice-President, Antoni S';non, of Hack & Si-
mon, brewers; Treasurer. Joseph L. Bayard,
president First National liank; Secretary, H. T.
Willis, cashier Union Depot Hotel; Assistant
Secretary, H. J. Foulks, 'nsurance.

The Board of Directors is composed of lead-
ing business and professional men, as follows:

placed in operation here ihrough the efforts of
tiie board.

The board has at its command many good
manufacturing sites convenient to water and
railroads and is prepared to extend material
assistance to worthy institutions of all kinds.

The board in its literature holds out the
following as some of th? inducements for the
investment of capital het'o:

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Eugene Hack, of Hack & Simon, brewers;
Joseph L. Ebner, ice, coal and coid storage;
Chas, Bierhaus, of E. Bierhaus & Sons, whole-
sale grocers; Isaac Lyons of S. & I. Lyons, dry
goods; W. A. Cullop, attorney.

The various committ _:! of the board are
as follows

'Photo by Townsley

A. M. Ford, manager of the Grand Hotel.
MANUFACTURING COMMITTEE T. H.
Adams, proprietor Daily Commercial and post-
master; An'ton Simon, brewer; Gerard Reiter,
vice-president German National Bank; Francis
Murphy, wines and liquors, and D. L. Bonner,
merchant and traveling salesman.

Floral Parade

LEGAL COMMITTEE C. B. Kessenger, C.
G. McCord, E. H. DeWolf, James W. Emison,
all attorneys.

ENQUIRY COMMITTEE John A. Risch,
general merchandise; Henry Eberwine,
Thomas Campbell, architect; John A. Cox, lum-
ber; George W. Roush, lumber and baskets;

July 4th, 1900

At the meeting held November 26, 1901, the
treasurer's report showed receipts for the pre-
vious year, including a small balance, to have
been $12,561.46. The expenses, including $8,000
to the glass works and $3,000 to the Enter-
prise Stove Works, amounted to $11,136.44,
leaving a balance in the treasury of $1,425.02.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

First National Bank

The First National B.nk, of Vincennes, was
organized July 15, 1871 with J. H. Rabb as
president and J. L. Bayard cashier. The first
board of directors was as follows: Louis L.
Watson. John H. Rabb, Abraham Glmbel,
Henry Knirihn, W. M. Tyler, Newton F. Ma-
lott and Jos. L. Bayard. Of this board only two
members are living, Messrs. Watson
and Bayard. Messrs. Rabb and Bay-
ard served uninterruptedly as presi-
dent and cashier, respectively, for al-
most twenty-seven years, until the
death of Mr. Rabb in February, 1898,
when Mr. Bayard fiecame president,
and Mr. P. M O'Don'nell, who had
been, in 1893, made assistant cashier,
succeeded Mr. Bayard as cashier.
These with Mr. H. V. Somes, who was
elected assistant cashier in January,
1901, are the present officers. The
present board of directors of the First
National is as follows: L. L. Watson,
J. L. Bayard, E H. Smith, Chas Bier-
haus, J. L. Ebuei, Edward Watson
and J. E. Horn. The condition of the
First National, as rendered in its re-
port December 10. 1901, is as follows:

Capital stock $100,000.00

Surplus 20,000.00

Undivided profits 50,429.29

Deposits 1,009,861.413

The First National Bank became a
depository for government funds in
October, 1898.
JOSEPH L. BAYARD PRESIDENT.

Joseph L. Bayard was born in Vin-
cennes, January 21, 1840, and received
his education in the schools of Vin-
tennes and at Bardstown College, at
Bardstown, Ky. His first employment in the
way of business was as a clerk in the Vin-
cennes branch of the Bank of the State of In-
diana. In this position he remained five years
till 18G3, when he engaged in a general mer-
chandise business in Vincennes, in which he
continued till 1869, when he joined in the or-
gani-saton of the German Banking Company, a
private bank, of which he became cashier.
This bank was, in 1871. merged in the First
National, and Mr. Bayard became cashier of
the enlarged institution. This position he con-
tinued to fill for more than twenty-six years

until the death of Mr. Rabb, in 1898, when he
was elected president of the bank and has
been annually re-elected since. Mr. Bayard
has never sought public office or public trust
but has had many trusts imposed upon him
which a broad-minded pub'ic spirit would not
permit him to decline. He was ome of the or-
ganizers of the Citizen's Gas Company and has
been treasurer of the company since its organl-

First National Bark

/atiou. He lias also been president of the com-
pany since 1S98. He was a charter member
of the board of trade and has been treasurer
of that body siace its organization. He has
been a trustee of Vincennes University for
fourteen years and treasurer of the institution
for ten years. He is also the senior member
of the firm of J. L. Bayard & Co., one of the
oldest and largest insurance agencies in this
end of the State. Mr. Bayard was married in
1881 to Miss Helen Burke, of Marietta, Ohio.
They have four sons and one daughter living
and one son doad.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Patrick M. O'Donnell. cashier of the First
National Bamk, is a native of Lawrence coun-
ty, Illinois, where he was horn on a farm, Sep-
tember 4. 1865. He received his education in
the public schools of tLat county. His father
.removed to V'incennes in the year 1879 and
the next year our subject became a messenger

BAYARD BUILDING/.THIRD AND MAIN
In the Vmcennes National Bank. He contin-
ued in the employ of this bank till. 1884, when
he became book-keeper for the First National,
a position which he continued to fill until
1893, when he was made assistant cashier. On
the death of Mr. Rabb ir 1898, and the election

of Mr. Bayard to the presidency, Mr. O'Don-
nell became cashier, a position which he has-
since held. He is a member of the firm of J.
L. Bayar;! & Co., insurance.

Mr. O'Donnell was married in April, 1893,
to Miss Marie C. Convery, of Vincennes. They
have three daughters and one soni.

HARRY V. SOMES,
ASS'T. CASHIER.

Harry V. Some*
was born in Vin-
cennes September 24^
1866, anti received
his education in the-
Cathedral school and
the Vincennes pub-
lic schools. After
leaving school, when
yet quite young, he-
was variously em-
ployed in grocery
stores and elsewhere
for some years, his
last employment be-
fore entering the
bank being with
William Davidson,
books and station-
ery. In 1884, in the
month of August, he
became collector for
the First National
P.ank. Since that
time he has been
from time to time
advaniced until in
January, 1901, he be-
came assistant cash-
ier, his present posi-
tion.

Mr. Somes was
married in 1894, to-
MJSS Bertha O'Dan-
lel, of Owensboro,
Ky. They have one
son and one daugh-
ter.

JOSEPH L. BAYARD, JR., TELLER.

Joseph L. Bayard, Jr., receiving teller of the
First National Bank, was born in Vincennes
July 21, 1872. He attended the Cathedral
school here and later entered Fordham College,

YINCEXNES IX PICTURE AND STORY

of Fordhana, New York taking the scientific
course. From this school he was graduated
in June, .1892, taking the degree of B. Sc. His
first employment after leaving school was in
the First National Bank, which he entered as
book-keeper in May, 18!)4. He became receiv-
ing teller, January 1, 1900. Mr. Bayard was
married October 28, 1896, to Miss Helen Reily.
They have one son.

Photo by Shores

Second National Bank, Second and Main

Second National Bank

The Second National Bank of Vincennes was
organized inf 1893 with a capital of $100,000
and began business in July of that year, hav-
ing bought at receiver's sale the building at
the north corner of Second and Main streets,
formerly occupied by tne Vincennes National
Bank. The first officers of the bank were as
follows: Ailed Tindolph, president; G. W.
McDonald, cashier; W. J. Freeman, assistant
cashier. The preesnt officers are G. W.
Donaldson, president; W J. Freeman, cashier;

J. T. Boyd, assistant cashier. The Second Na-
tional Bank has from the f!ay of its organiza-
tion enjoyed the confidence of the public in a
high degree, the men who have conducted its
affairs being recognized as possessed of the
most sterling qualities. Its board of directors
includes many of our most solid and conserva-
tive business men and notwithstanding the
financial depression, covering a period of sev-
eral of the eight and a half years since
its organization, it has accumulated a
surplus of $16,000 and shows a hand-
some and steady gain in deposits from
year to year.

The directors of the Second National
are as follows: George Fendrich, James
I. Kelso, 'B. Kuhn, R. M. Robinson, J. T.
McJimsey, G. W. Donaldson, L. R.
Boyd, R. M. Glass anld E. Bierhaus, Sr.

G., W. DONALDSON, PRESIDENT.
George W. Donaldson, president of
the Second National Bank, was born on
a farm in Knox county, near Wheat-
land, February 11, 1856. He attended
the district school iu the neighborhood
of his birth and later Vimcennes High
School in which he took the teacher's
course. He became a teacher in the
schools of ' the country and continued
so engaged for twelve years. During
the time that he was engaged as a
teacher he successfully conducted a.
farm near Bicknell. In 1884 he em-
barked in mercantile business at Bick-
niell, where he carried a general stock.
and in which business he remained
four years, until, in 1888, he was
elected treasurer of Knox Count:/.
Before entering upon the discharge of
his official duties he disposed of th >
store. He served two terms as treas-
urer, having been re-elected in 1890. During
his service as treasurer Mr. Donaldson had
the satisfaction of seeing the entire indebted-
ness of Knox county wiped out. At the begin-
ning of his term it amounted to $86,000. Soon
after his retirement from office the Seconl
National was organized and Mr. Donaldson b ~-
cMiiH 1 its first cashier and has been connected
with its active operation ever since. He w:is
elected president in January, 1899.

Mr. Donaldson owns and conducts a stock
farm of about five hundred acres near Bi -k-

V1NCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

nell, devoted principally to neat cattle. He
is also one of the proprietors of the Citizen's
Bank, of Bicknell, Ind., and a member of the
Robinson-Donaldson Buggy Company, of this
city.

Mr. Donaldson was married in 1878 to Miss
Sarah A. Gilmore, of \ igo township, Knox
county. They have three daughters an'd one
son.

W. J. FREEMAN, CASHIER.
William J. Free- Pho , by ShoreS
man, cashier of the
Second N a ti o n a 1
Biank, was born in
Washington, Ind.,
January 3o, 1860.
His parents removed
to Edwardsp ort.
where his father, Mr.
Job Freeman, opera-
ted a coal mine,
whenf W. J. was quite
small, and here he
attended the public
schools till 1885,
when his father re-
moved to Vincennes
and he entered Vin-
cennes University.
After one year here
he entered Rose
Polytechnic School
at Terre Haute,
where he remained
till November, 1887,
when, his father be-
coming auditor of Knox county, W. J. became
his deputy, serving in tl^at capacity four years
undor his father and one year under C. II.
DeBolt. his successor. In 1803 he became as-
sistant cashier 'of the Second National Hank,
which position he held t'll 1800, when lie was
advanced to the position of cashier, on the
election of Mr. G. W. Donaldson to the presi-
dency. Mr. Freeman was married December
23, 1800, to Miss May. daughter of Thomas
Bartlett, of Edwardsport.

JOHN T. BOYD, ASSISTANT CASHIER.

John T. Boyd was born in Vincennes Jan-
uary 21, 1873. He was educated in tbo schools
of the city. His business experience began
with a subordinate position in the Second Na-
tional Bank, which he accepted ini 1804. and
he has since that date continued with the bank,

becoming assistant cashier in 1809. Mr. Boyd
was married October 25 1895, to Miss Kathe-
rine Eastham, daughter of City Treasurer
Thomas Eastham.

JOHN F. HALL-

John F. Hall, exchange > lerK of the Second
National Bank, was born in Vincennes, Febru-
ary 24, 1878, and is a son of Henry J. Hall.
He was educated in the schools of the city,
attending the University fee* a time. In Octo-

Main

Street, Looking North from Fifth

IKT, 1807, he became a messenger for the Sec-
ond National Bank and was later advanced to
liis present position. John is a bright, steady,
industrious young man, and apparently has a
prosperous future before him.

The German National Bank

The German National Bank was organized
in the spring of 1888, ueginming business on
the 4th of April, of that year, at 116 Main
street, where it remained until 1805, when it
removed to its present quarters, the south cor-
ner of Second and Main, having bought the
building during the previous year. The first
officers of the bank were Selenian Gimbel,
president: Gerard Reiter. vice-president; Dr.
George R. Alsop. cashier. The first board of
directors was composed of the following gen-

VINCBNNB8 IN PICTURE AND STORY

tleinen, S. Gimbel, G. Reiter, Wm. Baker, E.
Hack, C. Hoffman, A. .Gimbel, A. Heinekamp,
Job Freeman and Dr. John W. Milam. The
present officers are: President, William Baker;
vice-president, Gerard Reiter; cashier, George
R. Alsop; assistant cashier, H. J. Boeckman.

Directors Wm. Baker, G. Reiter, Eugene
Hack, Chris Hoffman, Aug. Heintekamp, Henry
J. Hellert, Edwin L. Ryder, F. M. Mail and
George R. Alsop.

At the date of the last statement ^> Mo
rendered the comptroller, December ^^^
10, 1901. the condition of the bank was
as follows:

Capital stock $ 100,000

Surplus and und'ed profits. 50,000
Deposits 1,100,000

The German National is a regular
depository for government funds.

WILLIAM BAKER, PRESIDENT.
Win. Baker, president of the German
National Bank, wss born in Lippe
Detmold. Prussia. September 29, 1835,
and was educated in the schools of
that country. He came to this country
with his parents, arriving in Decem-
ber, 1852. His first employment was
as a teamster in the construction of
the E. & T. H. railroad. He was sub-
sequently for several years employed
on a farm and then for one year drove
a dray in Vincennes. Later, in 1860,
entered the employ of George Kerck-
hoff & Co., hides and leather. Here he
remained till 1863, when he estab-
lished a hide and leather business of
his own on Second street, between
Broadway and Buntin. In 1868 he
bought the business of Kerckhoff &
Co., at the north corner of Third and
Main, and continued the business
there for about twenty years, when
he retired from active business for a
time.' He became one of the directors of the
German National Battk on its organization, in
1888. In 3894, Mr. Baker was elected presi-
dent of the bank and has been annually re-
elected since that date.

GERARD REITER. VICE PRESIDENT.

Gerard Reiter, vice-president of the German
National Hank, is of German parentage but
was born and reared in Vincennes. The date
of his birth was Septeiubev 1. 1849. He was

educated in the German Catholic and public
schools of the city. His first business experi-
ence was as clerk in the county auditor's of-
fice, which position he filled when but fifteen
years of age. He was deputy auditor for elev-
en years and in 1874 was elected auditor and
re-elected in 1878, serving two full terms and
completing a total service in the auditor's
office of nineteen years. In 1884 Mr. Reiter
was elected a member of the State Legisla-

by Shores

German National Bank, Second and Main
ture as joint representative for the counties of
Knox. Sullivan and Greene. In 1888, on the
organization of the German National Bank, he
became vice-president of the institution and
has held that position to the present time. Mr.
Reiter served six years MS an efficient member
of the Vincennes school board, from 1883 to
1S8<! and from 1889 to 1892. In 1897 he was
elected supreme treasurer of the Catholic
Knights of America, an office which he held
for four years, during which time funds of the

100

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

society amounting to over three millions of
dollars passed through his hands. Of this great
trust Mr. Reiter acquitted himself, not only
with satisfaction to the order, but with distin-
guished honor to himself.

Mr. Reiter was united in marriage, October
24, 1871, to Miss Ellen Green, a native of Bel-
fast, Ireland.

DR. GEORGE R. ALSOP, CASHIER.

Dr. George R. Alsop, cashier German Nation-
al Bank, was born in Sperroyville, Rappahan-

Photo by Shores

Graeter Block, South Corner Third and Main

noc county, Virginia, December 19, 1851, and
was educated in the schools of Rappahannock
and Spottsylvania counties, Va. He came to
Sullivan county, Indiana, in 18f>9, teaching
school till 1873. In 1873 and 1874 attended In-
diana Medical College and next year -entered
the medical department of the University of
Louisville, Ky., from whicn he was graduated
in March, 1875. He soon after located at Free-
landville, Knox county, Indiana, for the prac-

tice of his profession, forming a partnership
with Dr. M. M. McDowell, and remaining there
eight years. In November, 1882, the doctor
was elected Circuit Clerk and in the following
autumn moved to Vincennes to enter upon 1 the
discarge of the duties of that position. He
served four years as clerk and. soon after the
close of his term joined in the organization of
the German National Bank, of which he be-
came cashier in April, 1888. In that position,
'he has continued to the present time.

Prior to his service as Circuit
Clerk, Dr. Alsop was for four years
trustee of Widner township, from.
1878 to 1882. Having an abiding
faith in the value of Knox county
farm lands the doctor has invested
largely, and owns a number of val-
uable farms.

Dr. Alsop was married April 20,.
1875, to Miss Nancy J. McClellan,
of Sullivan, Ind. They have an.
interesting family of four sons and.
three daughters.

HENRY J. BOEKMAN.
Henry J. Boeckmani, assistant
cashier of the German National-
Bank, was born in Vincennes, Feb-
ruary 18,1857. He received his edu-
cation at St. John's German Catho-
lic schools and his first employ-
ment was in the bank of R. J. Mc-
Kenney & Co., of the city, inl which
he became booii-keeper in 1873.
Here he remained six and a half
years and was then for nearly five
years bookkeeper in the First Na-
tional Bank, of Vincennes. Follow-
ing this he was for a time with C.
H. DeBolt, as book-keeper for his
implement business. On the or-
ganiization of the German National
Bank, in 1888, Mr. Boekman be-
came book-keeper and assistant
cashier and has held that position continuously
to the present time. He is also a member of
the firm of Boeckman & Co., insurance agents^

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

101

The John LI) ne r
Ice Co. (lately incor-
porated), was estab-
lished iu 18U, iu tiie
corner of Chestniu
and Locust Streets.
It was iiot, however,
until 1889 that ma-
chines were in-
stalled, beginning
with a 20-ton plant.
The capacity of the
Vinceuues plant now
is eighty tons a day.
It employs from
twenty-five to forty
hands. Besides a
large home trade the
product is shipped
largely south and
west, as far south as
Cairo, Nashville and
St. Louis, and east
to Cincinnati, xne
John Ebner Ice Co.
also owns plants at
Washington, Ind.,
and at Seymour and
and Martinsville, the
combined capacity
of the foul) plants' be-
ing 200 tons. Large
cold storage plants
are operated at Vin-
cennes and Seymour
and a smaller one at
Washington. The
company buys ap-
ples largely for stor-
age, besides doing a
storage custom busi-
ness.

Mr. Joseph Ebner,
manager of the Vin-
cennes plant, is a
progressive public
spirited man. a lead-
er in every move-
ment for the en-
largement and de-

velopment of the city. He was president of fhe board of trade for the year 1899 and

1900.

102

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

The Eagle Brewery.

The Eagle Brewery, Hack & Simon proprie-
tors, was established in 1875, when the firm
was organized and bought a small brewery
that had been operated by John Ebner. A large
amount of money was at once spent in enlarg-

ways been prominently identified with public
affairs and is largely interested in many of the
prominent manufacturing institutions of the
city. He is a director of the German National
Bank and of the Vincennes Board of Trade.
He is also a member of the Board of Education
of the city.

THE EAGLE BREWERY Hack & Simon, Proprietors

ing it. A number of new buildings were erect-
ed, th plant thoroughly modernized and made
the equal of any in this section. The build-
ings cover several acres of ground and are
built on the most approved plans and the most
substantial manner. From a small beginning,
under intelligent and progressive management,
the business of the Eagle Brewery has grown
to large proportions. The number of men em-
ployed is about twenty-five and the product of
the brewery is sold over a radius of one hun-
dred miles or more in every direction. The
chief brands of bottle beer are "Elite," "Ex-
port" and "Erlanger."

Eucenp Hack was born in Wurtemburg. Ger-
many. Nov. 18, 1840, and came to this country
in 1807, and to Yincennes in 1868. He entered
the employ of Edward Weisert in a grocery
store where he remained for six years, having
bought the brewery some time before leaving
the employ of Mr. Weisert. Mr. Hack has al-

Mr. Hack was married in May, 1873, to Miss
Dora Hackman, of Vincennes. They have two
sons and four daughters.

Anton Simon was born in Alsace, France,
(now Germany), Nov. 2, 1848, and came to
America, direct to Vincennes, in 1862. After
his arrival here he was for a six months in the
employ of Theodore Huslage. He subsequently
was in the employ of William Busse, grocer,
for five years and a number of years with John
Ebner in his brewery. He then embarked in a
confectionery business which he continued for
si bout three years, till 1874, when the partner-
ship with Mr. Hack was formed. Like his
partner. Mr. Simon is an enterprising and pub-
lic spirited man. He is Vice President of tfie
Board of Trade. Mr. Simon was married in
I860, to Miss Caroline, daughter of John Ebner,
of Vincennes. He was a second time married,
in 1876, to Miss Anna Weisenberger, of Vin-
cennes. They 'have two sons and two daughters

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

103

The Vincennes Window Glass Company.

The Vincenues Win-
dow Glass Company
was organized at Al-
bany, Ind., April, 1901,
by a number of men,
most of whom are ex-
perienced in the glass
industry.

The factory, which is
built upon the most ap-
proved plans, including
every known improve-
ment and appliance, in-
cluding producer gas, is
up to date in every particular.

The tank, which is of the latest design, and
of twenty-four blowers capacity, was erected
in the summer of 1901.

The manufacture of window glass, the sole
product of this factory, was b.^gun Nov. 1, 1901,
and it makes a quality of glass that is nowhere
excelled.

This fact, coupled with the large business
acquaintance of the management, has already

Andrew Tuite, Pres. & Mgr.

and Memphis, Tenn. In the West to Portland,
Oregon, and Walawala, Washington. St. Louis
and Chicago also furnish a good market for
the best quality and sizes. Many other large
cities also, are taking a large amount of its
product.

The present capacity of the factory is from
four to five car loads per week; and with the
present demand for window glass, the prospects
are that it will be necessary in the near future
to enlarge the plant.

It now employs about 100 men, largely skilled
labor, and its pay roll averages about .$12,000
per mouth.

The manager of the company, Mr. Andrew
Tuite. has been engaged in the window glass
business more than thirty years. Mr. Tuite has
been uniformly successful in the business, in
fact, he knows no such word as "fail" and is
still active and energetic. He is thoroughly
capable of filling the position he occupies with
the company, as manager.

The officers of the company are Win. Tuite,
president; A. K. Ilartman, secretary and treas-
urer; Andrew Tuite, manager.

The directors are: A. P. Hartman, Andrew

VINCENNES WINDOW GLASS COMPANY PLANT
resulted in sales over a broad range of terri- Tuite. Wm. Tuite, Joseph Baures, Sr., John

tory, extending in the North to Duluth. Minn.,
and in the South to Jackson, Miss., Macon. d'a.,

Middlehurst, John Tuite, John Wenzel, Fred
Perkins, and Thomas Dixon.

104

YINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

105

The Vincennes Paper Company.

The Yinceuues paper Co. was established in
188(3, by Jacob Sheperd and Mrs. S. T. Cottrill,
of Urbana, Ohio. After being in successful
operation for several years 1he plant was de-
stroyed by flie in 180o and in the following year
the company was incorporated and a new and
enlarged plant erected. Of the new organiza-
tion A. M. Sheperd became president and E. S.
Sheperd, secretary and treasurer, and they
have continued to hold the same offices to the
present time.

The product of the mills is straw board, of
which it makes a superior quality, and its ca-
pacity is fifteen tons daily. Its product is sold
in all parts of the country, reaching westward
to California and to all parts of the east and
south and northward into Canada. The com-
pany employs about forty hands and consumes
iaimense quantities of straw from the farms
and waste paper from the city, providing a
ready cash market for substances that would
otherwise be almost valueless.

The Vincennes Egg Case Company.

The Vincennes Eg? Case Company, organized
in 1891 for the manufacture of straw board
fillers for egg cases, is an industry of consider-
able importance to the city, giving employ-
ment to an average of something like fifty peo-
ple. mostly girls. The company was incorpor-
ated in 1900. The officers are A. M. Sheperd,
president, and E. S. Sheperd, secretary and
treasurer. The capacity of its factory is about
3.500 sets of fillers daily, nsing board made by
the Yincennes Paper Mills. It has built up a
trndo that reaches to the limits of the United
States and Canada, and finds no difficulty in
disposing of its entire outpnt as rapidly as it
can be produced.

The Vincennes Bridge Company.

The Yincennes Bridge Co.. manufacturers of
bridges of every character, and structural work
in iron and steel, was organized in January,
1899, with the following officers, who have con-
tinued to the present time without change:
John T. Oliphant. president: J. L. Riddle, secre-
tary; F. L. Oliphant. treasurer. These are the
only stockholders in the concern. Before de-
ciding on Yincennes as a location for the busi-

ness, President Oliphant spent six months trav-
eling in ten or twelve states, examining many
sites and considering many propositions, some
of which, in the way of bonuses, were much
superior to the inducements offered by Vin-
cennes, but finally decided that the advantages
possessed by Vincennes were so great as to out-
weigh all other inducements offered, and accord-
ingly fixed upon this location. The character
of the work done by this company is such as
to give en/tire satisfaction and the business has
developed rapidly. For the past year the com-
pany has been unable to keep up with its or-
ders and has been compelled to increase the
capacity of its plant to which end a large addi-
tion ?s now nearing completion. New machin-
ery will be installed and the force of workmen
increased.

John T. and F. L. Oliphant, brothers, were
born at Buena Vista, Indiana. J. T. Oliphant
first went into the hardware business and sub-
sequently in real estate. After two years in the
latter business became one of the organizers
of the New Castle Bridge Co., in 1894. Of this
company he was vice president, and secretary
until 1898, when he resigned and organized the
Vincennes Co. F. L. Oliphant was a teacher
for fourteen years, the last seven as principal,
three at Diller, Neb., and four at Teller, Colo-
rado. He was graduated from the Central
Normal School at Danville, Ind., in 1892.

Mr. Little was, prior to embarking in this
business, a merchant at Cincinnati, Indiana.

George W. Roush, Baskets.

George W. H. Roush
was born in Hillsboro,
Ohio, may 26, 1851.
He received a good
education in the schools
of that city, having
been duly graduated
from the high school.
He read law with
Charles Collins, a lead-
ing attorney of Hills-
boro, for two years, fol-
lowing which he was for
five years local editor of the Hillsboro Weekly
Gazette. He was then for seven years deputy
sheriff of Highland County, Ohio, until the year
1899, when he came to Vincennes and estab-
lished a large business as manufacturer and

106

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

dealer in lumber. His business flourished, and
in 181)0 he added a basket factory which exper-
ienced a constant and rapid growth until its
destruction by tire on the night of June 1'9,
1901, at which time it was employing 126 peo-
ple and making two car loads of baskets per
day. He is making arrangements to renew his
basket factory and will begin work thereon
early in the spring of 1902.

Mr. Roush is the regular Democratic candi-
date for Mayor of Vincennes, election May 6,
1902.

Mr. Roush was married, March 4, 1876 to
Miss Cindarella Chapman, of Hillsboro, Ohio.
They have two daughters, Mrs. E. F. Tindolph
of the city and Miss Georgia.

James A. Plummer, Chairs and
Finishings.

James A. Plummer ,
was born at McCou-
nellsville. Morgan Coun-
ty, Ohio, October 5,
1826. His mother dy-
ing when he was an
infant he was placed
with relatives at Mid-
dletown, Ohio, where
he was educated. He
served an apprentice-
ship to the trade of
chairmaker in Cin-
cinnati, where he was an active member of the
volunteer fire department for ten years. Mr.
Plummer came to Vincennes in May, 1854, and
was for five years employed as a cabinet
maker, following which he was for five years
employed in the woodwork department of the
O. & M. shops. He then embarked in the manu-
facture of chairs and house finishing lumber,
which he has continued to the present time
Ho makes oak dining room and double cane
chairs and everything in the way of finishings
for houses. His chairs wherever known are
popular because of their high quality and dura-
bility. He employs from seven to twelve men
at good wages.

Mr. Plummer was married, in 1851, to Miss
Esther M. Jackson, of Cincinnati. They have
one daughter. Mrs. J. W. Shaw, of Chicago.

Central Foundry.

The Central Foundry Co. is one of Vinceuues'
most important industries. Its location here
was in a large measure due to a chance meeting
in Louisville, Ky., of William Warner, of the
lirm of Matthew Addy & Co., of Cincinnati,
with Alfred Bell and William J. Armistead.
They were contemplating the organization of
a company for the manufacture of sewer pipe
and looking for a location. Mr. Warner, who
was impressed with the superior advantages of-
fered by Vincennes for such an institution, sug-
gested the propriety of their locating here.
They took the matter under advisement and
after investigation the matter was taken up
with the Board of Trade here, in the office of
DeWolf, Chambers and DeWolf, February 25,
1889. The result was the prompt organization
of the company, the necessary stock being
subscribed, largely by local capitalists. At this
meeting the first board of directors was chosen,
as follows: Edward Watson, Eugene Hack,
('has. Rierhaus, Alfred Bell and William J.
Armistead.

Ait a second meeting, held in the office of
Hack & Simon, officers were elected, as fol-
lows: Edward Watson, president; W. J. Armi-
stead, secretary and treasurer; Alfred B"ell,
general manager. During the summer of 1889
the plant was erected and put into operation.
Rut misfortune soon overtook the new enter-
prise in the shape of a fire, by which it was
totally destroyed in December, 1889. No time
was lost in rebuilding. The enterprise of Vin-
vennes capitalists was equal to the emergency.
The directors increased the capital stock of the
company and the additional stock was quickly
taken. The plant was immediately rebuilt. But
the struggling young company was not yet to
have smooth sailing, for not long thereafter it
suffered a loss of $10.000 through the failure
of a large eastern corporation and was a sec-
ond time the victim of the destroying element,
in 1894.

In July, 1898, the Vincennes plant became
the property of the Central Foundry Co., a cor-
poration embracing a large number of such in-
stitutions throughout the country.

The company has recently built large addi-
tions to its plant, which will enable it greatly
to increase its force of employes and its out-
put. When the contemplated additions are
made to its working force it will employ about

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

107

300 men and have a weekly pay roll aggregat-
ing more than $2,500.

The present manager is Paul G. Rahe; John
B. Pruilage is superintendent. The office force
consists of A. H. Rogers and C. F. Possou, book-
keepers; H. C. Bultman, time keeper; John
Herding, shipping .clerk; Miss Lydia Busse,
stenographer.

union and to England. They also make neck
yokes, singletrees, doubletrees, etc., for wagons
and carriages. They also handle rough wagon
stock from the mills. The number of men em-
ployed in the Vincennes plant and in the aux-
iliary work in the timber is 05 to 75 and the
business of the factory runs about $100,000 per
annum.

Vhoto by Icrtvnsley

PLANT OF CENTRAL FOUNDRY CO. Sewer Pipe Works, Second, Near Portland Ave.

The Hartwell Handle Works.

The Hartwell Handle Works, conducted by
Hartwell Bros., an incorporated company, is lo-
cated at First and Seminary Streets. The of-
ficers of the company are F. G. Hartwell, Chi-
cago, president; M. C. Hartwell, Clifton, Tenn.,
vice president; W. A. Hartwell, of Vincennes,
secretary; C. L. Hartwell, of Vincennes, treas-
urer and manager. The business of which this
is the outgrowth was established at Delphos,
Ohio, in 1865, by John T. and E. T. Hartwell
brothers, progenitors of the present members of
the company. The business was removed to
Vincennes in 1893. The products of the factory
are hickory handles of every description, In-
cluding hand shaved ax handles, machine made
ax, pick, sledge hammer and other handles,
many of special pattern for a particular trade,
as California, England, etc. They ship by car
load lots to California and throughout the

Indiana Handle Company.

The Indiana Handle Co. is an incorporated
concern for the manufcture of handles. Its of-
ficers are James A. Taylor, president, Geo. W.
Caldwell, vice president; O. J. Mobley, secre-
tary; T. R. Welch, treasurer. The organization
was effected in May, 1901 and soon thereafter
operations were begun. The company having
leased the idle hub and spoke factory, reno-
vated it and replaced its machinery with new
and improved handle machines. They make
shovel, fork, rake and hoe handles, using ash
timber only. They employ thirty-five hands
in the mill, which force is increased to fifty by
tlie men employed in the woods and on the
roads. They ship their product to all
parts of the United States and to England.
The present output of the factory is about 1,200
to 1,4()() dozen handles per week.

108

VIXCEXNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

The Hartman Manufacturing Company.

The Hartman Manufacturing Company is the
outgrowth of a business established in 1889 by

The annual business is in the neighborhood of
$100,000, bidding fair to show a large increase
for the current year.

CJ. R. Hartman, for the manufacture of agricul-
tural implements. The growth of the business
was such that an incorporated company with
enlarged capital was formed in 1891, of which
J. H. Rabb, now deceased, was president, Fred
Harsch. secretary and treasurer, and C. R.
Hartman, superintendent. The present officers
of the company are Edward Watson, president:
Louis A. Meyer, secretary and treasurer; Wil-
liam M. Willmore, manager; W. Louis Schmidt,
superintendent.

The company manufactures riding and walk-
Ing two-horse cultivators for corn, cotton, and
tobacco and a full line of rolling coulters for
breaking plows. It makes a superior quality
of goods which find litle difficulty in meeting all
competition wherever introduced and they are
making steady progress over a rapidly expand-
ing territory. The goods are sold strictly on
their merit and the management never fear
any fair test in any field.

At present the number of men .employed in
the factory averages about forty. They have
three traveling men and a trade which em-
braces the states of Indiana. Illinois. Ohio and
Kentucky, which are pretty thoroughly covered.

Vincennes Galvanized Iron Works.

Peter Rockford McCarthy, proprietor of the
Vincennes Galvanized Iron works, was the sec-
ond of a family of seven children born to Mich-
ael McCarthy in Parish Fackle, County Clare,
Ireland, the date of his
birth being March 10,
1849. After the death of
Mr. McCarthy'? mother,
his father, with his
seven children, Peter B.
then being twelve years
of age, came to Ameri-
ca, residing one year
thereafter at Hoboken, N. J. He then removed
to Washington. Ind., and thence to Leaven-
worth, Kansas, where, the father later lost his
life in a railroad accident. Mr. McCarthy, hav-
ing received a good common school education in
Ireland, became a locomotive engineer and was
in that capcity employed for eight years on the
O. & M. railway. After that he had charge of
a fire engine in the Vincennes fire department
aud while thus employed was elected city treas-
urer in 1879. To this office he was re-elected

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

109*

in 1881, serving two full terms, thereby being
disqualified under the law for re-election. Be-
fore the expiration of his second term of office
he had established his present business to
which he now gives his undivided attention,
and which has reached large dimensions, ex-
ceeding $50,000 per annum, and including con-
tracts reaching into a number of states, his
specialties being galvanized iron cornice, roof-
ing, etc. In politics Mr. McCarthy is an uncom-
promising Democrat and has long been an in-
fluential member in the councils of the party.
He served four years as chairman of the Demo-
cratic County Committee and has attended
every state convention of his party since he
became a voter. He was doorkeeper of the Na-
tional Democratic convention which, in 1892,
nominated Grover Cleveland for the presidency.
Mr. McCarthy has been for nearly twenty years
a trustee of St. Francis Xavier Cathedral. He
is president of Vincennes branch, No. 256, C. K.
of A., and is also supreme mustering officer of
the TJ. R. C. K. of A., and has been president of
the state organization of C. K. of A. He is a
member of Vincennes Lodge, No. 291, B. P. O.
E. of which he was recently chosen/ E. R. by
unanimous vote. He was a charter member of
the Vincennes Board of Trade.

Mr. McCarthy was married April 4, 1871. to
Miss Mary O. Dubois, of Vincennes, a niece of
Jesse K. Dubois, who was for eight years state
auditor of Illinois, and a cousin' of Senator Fred
Dubois, of Idaho. They have seven children
living and two dead.

-~V-

Henry Watson.

Henry Watson was born and reared in Vin-
cennes. He was educated in the schools of
the city. His first employment after leaving
the schools was with Thomas Lamport in the
lumber business. He was afterwards for four
years a salesman in the general store of G.
Weinstein & Co. He then engaged in tin and
galvanized iron work with his father, Mr. John
Watson, who conducted the business at No. 123
North Second Street, the present location of his
business. In 1890 he became proprietor of the
Imsiness by purchase from his father and ha 5 ?
since conducted it at the old stand. Mr. \\ ;
son is a careful and conscientious workman and
spares no pains to render satisfaction to his
custom. That he does so is evidenced by a
growth in business in which he may well take

Irish parentage.

an honest pride. Mr. Watson was married in.
1800 to Miss Emma Acker. They have three-
children.

James T. Orr.

James T. Orr manufacturer and dealer la
saddlery, harness, etc., is u native of Ireland,
where he was born in 1835, and is of Scotch-
His parents, James T. and
Catherine Orr, came to
America in 1837, and
settled at North Ver-
non, Indiana, whence in
1843, they came to Vm-
cenues. In 1852, at the-
age of 17 years, he be-
came an apprentice to-
the saddler's trade in
Louisville Kentucky. At
the end of three years
he returned to Vin-
cennes and embarked in

business for himself and has continued in the
business here since that date, building up a
large and profitable trade. In politics Mr. Orr
has always been a Democrat aod in religion a
Catholic. He was at one time president of the-
Vincennes Draw Bridge Company, which con-
structed the wagon bridge over the Wabash at
this place and operated it for a number of years
as a toll bridge, and has been prominent in
other public enterprises of magnitude. In 1885
Mr .Orr was elected county commissioner and
served acceptably for six years. Also served
seven years as councilman from the third (now)
first ward. He is one of the oldest business
men in the city in point of time actually in the
harness, and has always been recognized as a
man of the strictest integrity and honesty.

Mr. Orr was married in 1872 to Miss Mary,
daiighter of Thomas P. Beckes. They have
four sons and one daughter.

F. A. Thuis Estate.

The business of the F. A. Thuis estate, deal-
ers in harness and saddlery, was established
by Francis A. Thuis, now deceased, in 1882, on
First, between Main and Busseron Streets, and
was removed to 111 Main in 1887. Mr. Thuis
had built, up a fine business and was in pros-
perous circumstances when death overtook him
in 1898. Mr. Louis Thuis, the eldest son, who-

110

was attending medical college at the time of his
father's death, immediately left school to take
charge of the business for the benefit of the
estate and has sinte conducted it most suc-
cessfully. Francis A. Thuis, the founder of this
business, was born in Diedam, Holland, in
Mareh, 1837, and came to this country with a
brother when seventeen years of age, in 185i.
Landing at New York, he went thence to Cleve-
land, Ohio, where he remained some three or
four years and then came to Vincennes. On the
breaking out of the War of the Rebellion he
promptly enlisted in the Twenty-fourth Indiana
Infantry as a musician and subsequently as a
private in the Ninety-first Indiana, gallantly
serving his adopted country till the close of the
war.

Mr. Thuis was married to Miss Mary J. Page,
of Yineeniies in 1866, and to the union were
born five sons, Louis E., Francis Eugene,
Charles A.. Joseph G., now deceased, and Silas
Leo, and two daughters, Johana E. and M.
Elizabeth.

Garrett R. Recker.

Garret R. Recker,
successor to Convery
& Recker, conducts
a general foundry
and machine shop at
Eighth and Hick-
man Streets, has one
of the most complete
plants in the state,
conveniently arrang-
ed and supplied with
modern machines of
every kind demand-
ed by his trade. His
shops employ from
14 to 20 men and do
everything in the
line comprehended
in a general foun-
der and m a c h i n-
ists' business. Mr.
Recker is not only a
thorough master-ma-
chinist but a very
careful superintend-

thus that a tine business was built up by the
firm of Convery & Recker, to which Mr. Recker
succeeded on the death of Mr. Convery in Janu-
ary, 1902.

Garret R. Recker was born in Vincennes
March 2, 1865, and was educated in the city
schools. At the age of 15, in 1880, he entered
the machine shop of Clark & Buck to learn
the trade of machinist and continued in their
employ until the year 1893, thirteen years. In
that year he and August Convery, also an em-
ploye of Clark & Buck for many years, formed
a partnership and established a small shop
near the corner of Eighth and Hickman. The
business grew from year to year until they
were finally, in 1900, compelled to erect the
large brick building now occupied, and a cut
of which appears herewith.

Mr. Recker was married February 7, 1888, to
Miss Mary E. Ritman, of Newton, 111. They
have four sons and two daughters.

4*
John B. Page.

J. B. Page was born in Vincennes, June 13,
1847. He became an apprentice to the harness
and saddlery trade with the firm of Page & Orr

GARRETT R. RECKER'S MACHINE SHOP AND FOUNDRY

ent and permits no work to go out of his shop about 1862, completing his apprenticeship in
that is not fully up to the requirements. It was 18(56. He then entered the employ of Page &

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

111

Orr as a journeyman and Continued with them
until the dissolution of the firm in 1873, after
Avhieh he was employed by his father until
1882, when he became proprietor of the busi-

ness by purchase. Mr. Page's large experience
in the business makes him a thoroughly com-
petent man in every department. He has his
full share of the trade and we do not hesitate
to say that all who trade with him get full
value for their money. Mr. J. N. Page, son of
our subject, is with him and has been for five
years and is a thorough master of the trade.
He operates a Landis harness sewing machine

which Mr. Page has recently added to his equip-
ment and which does work equal and even su-
perior to hand work. This work, as all of Mr.
1 'age's work, is fully guaranteed. He invites
all who are interested to call and inspect this
new harness machine and will gladly show
them how it works. Mr. Page appreciates the
patronage of his friends, is at all times genial
and pleasant and glad to receive callers
whether purchasers or not. When absent his
son will be found abundantly able to represent
him whether in the salesroom or otherwise.

Mr. Page was married. April 23, 1873, to Miss
Mary L. Brouilette, of Vincennes, and has two
i-hildren. Mrs. W. A. Courter and J. N. Page,
both of the city. Two children died in infancy.

Broadway Mills.

The Broadway Mills, owned and operated by
Christian Hoffman 1 , have r ( capacity of 350 bar-
rels first grade flour per day, which is sold
throughout the country. They employ steadily
from eight to ten men.

Atlas Mills.

J. & S. Emison. proprietors. Established
1880. Large dealers in grain. In 1901 this
firm handled between 400.000 and 500.000 bush-
els of wheat.

Vincennes Elevator.

The Vincennes Elevator Co., south-east cor-
ner First and Broadway, was organized in
1898. Does a general grain and elevator busi-
ness, owning the steamer Vincennes and
barges. Samuel A. Jordan. A. G. Jordan. A.
M. Jordan.

Enterprise Stove Company.

The Enterprise Stove Company was organized
in 1888. It is an incorporated company of ample
capital. . The officers are: Presi-
dent. Edward Watson, vice pres-
ident. Eugene Hack: secretary
and treasurer, George Thomp-
son. Their product is stoves,
heating and cooking, gas stoves,
ranges and steel ranges. The
factory is located at the corner
of Eleventh and Nicholas
streets and employs about sev-
enty-five men. including five
traveling salesmen. The com-
pany enjoys a large trade, cover-
ing Indiana. Illinois. Western
Ohio and Eastern Kansas.

112

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

INTERSTATE DISTILLERY Chestnut Between Lyndale and Reel

that of the Continental Filter Company, of New
York, called the subsiding and gravity system.
The capacity is over 2,000,000 gallons daily,

VINCENNES WATER SUPPLY CO.

The Vincennes Wafer Supply Company was
formed in 1886, the name at that time being
Bullock & Mer-
cer, No. 11 Wall
street, New York.
About 1890 the
property passed
into hands of
Walter Wood, 400
Chestniut street,
Phil a d e 1 p h i a .
There is, how-
ever a consider-
able amount of
the stock held in
the city. These
works are on the
standpipe system,
also having direct
pressure. T'he
stand-pipe is one
of the highest in
the United States,
being 200 feet
high. It is 22
feet in diameter
and has a capaci-
ty of 575,000 gal-
lons. There are
in use three com-
pound condensing
pumps, two high
pressure duty, pumps each of 2,000,000 gallons
capacity, and one low pressure service pump of
3,000,000 gallons capacity. The filter system is

there being six subsiding tanks of 35,000 gal-
lons each. The consumption of the city has run
500,000 to 1,700,000 gallons daily.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

113

PLANT OF ViNCENNES NOVELTY MANUFACTURING CO.
Sam Lyons, Pres.; Chas. Bierhaus, Vice Pres.; John Hartigan, Treasurer. Man-
ufacturers of Jewelry and Novelties. Employ 125 people.

DRY GOODS, CLOTHING, ETC.
H. Brokhage & Sons.

The firm of H. Brokhage & Sons, dealers in
dry goods, clothing, gents' furnishings, car-
pets, c, is composed of Herman Brokhage and
his two sons, John T. and Louis A.

Herman Brokhage, the founder of the busi-
ness, senior member of the firm, was born in
Essen. Grand Duchy of Oldenberg, Germany,
August 2, 1845. Emigrated to this country,
coming direct to Vincennes, in 1866, when
twenty-one years of age. His first employ-
ment here was with Theodore Huslag, an
uncle, who had long been established in busi-
ness here, in one of the buildings now occu-
pied by the firm of H. Brokhage & Sons. He
later entered the employ of J .B. La Plante &
Brother, with whom he remained thirteen
years. After this he again became a sales-
man for Mr. Huslag, with whom he remained
until the death of the latter in 1889, when) he
bought the stock and has continued the busi-
ness to the present time having admitted his
sons into partnership with him in 3900.

Brokhage & Sons is one of the enterprising
and progressive firms of Southern Indiana.
Without bluster or braggadocio this firm has
gone steadily forward, enlarging and developing

a business that has reached mammoth propor-
tions. Its stock now occupies two large build-

ings three stories high. They have a com-
modious passenger elevator and other modern
appliances that betray the enterprising spirit

114

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

that animates them, and it is pleasing to note
that the growth of their trade keeps pace with
the enlarged investments and improvements.

Herman Brokhage was married in 1875 to
Miss Clara D elf man, of Vincennes. They
have two sons, those named as members of
the firm.

Gimble, Haughton & Bond.

The firm of Gimble, Haughton & Bond is
composed of Chas. L. Haughton, Frank M.
Bond and Jacob Gimbel. The firm was or-
gandzed in December, 1899, buying the dry
goods department of I. Joseph & Sons, occupy-
ing numbers 202-4 Main Street.

Charles L. Haughton was born at Niagara,
New York, and came West in 1867, spending
some three or four years in various parts of
Minnesota, Iowa and the South-west. In the
winter of 1872 and 1873, he came to Oaktown,
Knox County, and was for a year or so em-
ployed by a brother who was in business there.
Embarked in business for himself at Oaktown
in 1874, forming a partnership with Elias De
Lashmutt, under the firm name of Haughton
& De Lashmutt, doing a business in> general
merchandise. In 1876 Mr. Haughton bought
his partner's interest and continued to conduct
the business till December, 1899, when he sold
it and came to Vindennes, forming the partner-
ship first above named.

Mr. Haughton took in marriage Miss
Emma C. Pugh, daughter of Dr. J. W. Pugh, of
Oaktown. They have four children. Two
daughters, Daisy H. and Mary S., now students
at De Pauw University, and two younger chil-
dren at home.

Frank M. Bond, was born and reared in Oak-
town, Ind., and was for a number of years in
the employ of Mr. Haughton at that place. He
was subsequently for ten years connected with
the First National Bank of this city, as teller,
resigning that position January 1, 1900, to en-
gage actively in the present business.

Jacob Gimbel was born and reared in the
City of Vincennes and after leaving college
conducted a business for his mother prior to
the formation of the firm of which he is at
present a member.

The enterprise, eruergy and progressive busi-
ness methods which luve characterized the
"Busy Corner" since th^ advent of this firm,
have resulted in a business of which they may
well be proud.

J. C. Cohen.

Julius C. Cohen was
born in the City Neu-
emburg, Prussia, Aug.
3, 1848, and came to
A.inerica in 1864 and to
Vincennes in 1877. His
first employment here
was as salesman for I.
E. Libshutz and subse-
quently for other firms
in the city. In 1885
Mr. Cohen rmbarked in
business for himself at
No. 106 Main Street.
His business was at-
tended with marked
success frono the start
and in> 1891 Mr. Cohen
bought and occupied
the beautiful and commodious three-story
building at No. 312 Main, now occupied by
him, a cut of which appears elsewhere, one of
fhe best in the city. By close attention to the
wants of his patrons and judicious manage-
ment, he has built up and holds an enviable
custom in clothing and gents' furnishings. Mr.
Cohen was married Dec. 18, 1871, to Miss El-
len Keenan, of Louisville.

T. F. FRANKE.

Theodore F. Franke,
merchant tailor, was
born at Covmgton, Ky.,
and received his educa-
tion in the schools of
Cincinnati. In 1887 he
went to New York
City, where he learned
the c u 1 1 e r's trade,
which he afterwards
followed for a time in
Cincinnati. Coming to
V'ncennes February 1,
1891, he entered the employ of B. Kuhn & Co.,
and remained with them until in July, 1901, he
bought the merchant tailoring business they
had theretofore conducted. He continued to
conduct it at the old location until at the first
of December, 1801, he bought the business
which had been established by John A. Kapps,
at 303% Main Street, where he is now driving
a thriving trade. Mr. Franke is a young man
of steady and industrous habits and gives close

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

115

attention to the wants of his customers. As a
cutter and fitter he has no superior and finds
no difficulty in retaining the patronage of a
customer once gained. No one e\er said he
did not get good value for his money when he
dealt with T. F. Franke.

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.
S. Risch.

Sebastian Risch was
born in Bernolsheim,
Canton Brumath, Al-
sace, Sept 7, 1834. Im-
migrated to this coun-
trj in 1854, landing at
New Orleans in March
of that year. Shortly
after landing he came
to Evansville, where
he remained about nine
months, returning to
New Orleans in Decem-
ber of the same year. Here he re-
mained four mouths, coming to Vincennes
in the spring of 1855. He worked for a short
time on a farm and then engaged in making
shingles for some months, following this work
with a further engagement on a farm for some
fifteen months in the years 1855-6. In January,
1857, he took a position with L. D. Smith, gro-
cer. After fifteen months, in 1858, he entered
the geenral store of Roseman & Stewart, with
whom and their successc; 1 , J. H. Rabb, he re-
mained until 1867, when he removed to a farm
near Vincennes. Failing health, due to a bod-
ily injury, compelled him to give up this work
after fifteen months and he returned to Vin-
cennes in 1868. He was then for four years
toll-keeper at the wagon bridge over the Wa-
bash. In August, 1873, he opened a boarding
house at Eleventh and Main. This business
was successful and a few years later, in 1877,
Mr. Risch embarked in n general merchandise
business at No. 112 Main Street. In Novem-
ber of the same year he bought the store of
Joseph Laugel at the corner of Tenth and
Main, which he has since conducted most suc-
cessfully. Mr. Rlsch's genial and pleasant
manner has made him a host of friends, while
a ready accommodation of his customers and
substantial Inducements to trade have built up
and retained a very large custom. Mr. Risch

was married May 13, 1862, to Miss Mary Heller,
of Vincennes, with whose companionship lie
has been blessed to the present t'.me. They
have eight children, three sons, John A., An-
thony M. and Joseph, being in business for
themselves in the city. Two others, Henry and
Lawrence, are in the store with Mr. Risch at
this time.

John A. Risch.

John A. Risch was
born and reared in Vin-
cennes. He is a son of
the veteran merchant,
Mr. S. Risch, of Tenth
and Main Streets. He
received his education
in the schools of the
city and entered the
store of his father as a
salesman, remaining in
tnat position for fifteen
years. In 1892 Mr.

Risch embarked in business for himself at Sec-
ond and Tecumseh Streets, where he is still to
be found. He carries a general stock of mer-
chandise, including groceries, dry goods, shoes
and country produce, and has a large and
growing trade. Mr. Risch's close attention to
business and his methodical business habits,
coupled with a genial and pleasant manner
have enabled him to build up a most profitable
trade. Notwithstanding the fact that in 1895
he suffered a heavy loss from fire, which de-
stroyed his warehouses and a part of his store
building, he now owns the handsome and com-
modious building in which he is located with a
valuable lot adjoining, and carries one of the
most complete general stocks in the city. Mr.
Risdh's high standing with his fellow mer-
chants is evidenced by the fact that he was
honored with the presidency of the Association
of Retail Merchants on its organization in the
summer and fall of 1901. He was made tem-
porary chairman at the first meeting and on
completion of the organization became its first
president for one year.

John A. Louis.

John A. Louis was born in the province of
Hanover, Germany, on the 25th day of October,
1837. He came to this country with his
mother at the age of sixteen year!?. He re-
mained in New York three years and spent two

116

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

years in Cincinnati, coming to Virucennes in
1859. Mr. Louis embarked in grocery business
here October G, 1859, and enjoys the distinc-
tion of being the only grocer of that date who
has been continuously in business ins the city to
the present time. His first location was at
Eleventh and Main. In 1862 he removed to
the south corner of Fourth and Main, wihere he
continued twenty-one years, removing to his
present location, 1217 N. Second Street, in 1883.
He carries a geenral stock of groceries and dry
goods, and does a steady thriving business.
Mr. Louis is a public-spirited citizen and ready
to lend a hand to whatever tends to help the
city forward. He is vice president of the Vint-
cennes Mutual Fire Insurance Co.

Mr. Louis was married in 1860 to Miss Cath-
erine Sachs. They have six children living and
live dead.

WHOLESALE GROCERIES.
Bierhaus Brothers.

The wholesale grocery house of Bierhaus
Brothers was established in 1890 by William
C. and Edward Bierhaus, sons of Edward Bier-
haus, senior, of E. Bierhaus & Sons. It com-
menced business in the building at the south
cornier of Second and Bioadway, now occupied
by the Koh-I-Noor Laundry. In the fall of
1891 the business was removed to Nos. 207-9
North Second street. In the course of the next
two years its growth wa.ti such that it became
necessary to add to their capacity and No. 211
was occupied and a year later 213-15 were in-
cluded. Continuing to prosper, they decided
to erect the mammoth building now occupied
at the corner of Second and Perry streets, a'
handsome brick structuie eighty by two hun-
dred feet with five stories and basement, pro-
vided with railroad switch, elevators and every
modern convenience for handling their immense
traffic with ease and dispatch. Ground was
broken for this building in the fall of 1900,
and it was completed aoout a year later.

Mr. John W. Crook was admitted to member-
ship in the firm November 1, 1890, and Edward
Bierhaus withdrew in M^y, 1897, to enter the
retail trade in the city.

The trade of Bierhaus Brothers extends to
the southward a .distance of 150 miles and
over a large radius in every direction from
Vincennes. They employ six traveling men
and have an office force of fifteen.

W. C. Bierhaus, the senior member, was bora
and educated in Vincennes and was for a num-
ber of ytars employed i;i the wholesale house
of E. Bierhaus & Sons. He was married in
January, 1888, to Miss ix>ttie Watkins, of Mt
Carmel. They have two children living and
have lost one by death.

John W. Crook was bora at Dover Hill, Ind.,
May 9, 1865. He attended the public schools,
but the loss of both parents compelled him
to leave school at the a.c of fifteen years and
make his own livelihood. His first employ-
ment in the way of business was at Russell-
ville, 111., where he was engaged with T. J.
Ford and J. A. Leonard & Co. He came to
Vincennes July 17, 1882, and became book-
keeper for J. E. Sullivan, remaining with him
until the following February, when he became
bill clerk for E. Bierhaus & Sons. In July,
1883, he became a trav? ing salesman for this
firm and continued in that position until No-
vember 1, 1890, when h<; bought an interest in
the firm of Bierhaus Brothers, and has since
traveled for his own house, making a total
of nineteen consecutive jears in that capacity.
He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal
Church. He is also a nrember of the Masonic,
K. of P., T. P. A. and Li. C. T. fraternities.

Mr. Crook was married May 9, 1888, to Miss
Effie Broyles, of Russeilville They have one
daughter, Hazel Gretchea, and one son, Harry
Francis, twelve and ten years of age respec-
tively.

E. Bierhaus & Sons.

The firm of E. Bierhaus & Sons, grocers and
packers, is one of the old and solid concerns of
Vincenmes.

Edward Bierhaus, Sr., the founder, was born
at Elberfield, Rhein, Prussia, Aug. 4, 1832.
Came to this country, direct to Vincennes, with
his parents, in 1849, at the age of 17 years.
His first employment was at the old American
Hotel on the site of the La Plante House, cor-
ner First and Main Streets. In 1853 he em-
barked in a general merchandise business at
Freelandville, with a capital of $200. In 1865
returned to Vincennes and engaged in pork-
packing, conducting in connection therewith a
retail grocery store. In 1878 he bought the
wholesale grocery of Gimbel Brothers and ad-
mitted a son to partnership unlder the firm
name and style of E. Bierhaus & Son, the
junior partner being Chas. Bierhaus. Later

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

117

118

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Fred Bierhaus was admitted and subsequently
John Bierhaus became interested. The firm
is now composed of Charles and John Bier-
haus.

The present handsome and commodious
building at the east
corner of Fourth
and Main Streets
was erected in 1886.
A cut of the build-
ing will be found
herewith.

Charles Bierhaus,
senior member of
the firm of E. Bler-
(haus & Sons, was
born in Freeland-
ville, Ind., Feb. 13,
1855, and was edu-
cated in the schools
of Vincennes. After
leaving school, at
the age of sixteen
years, he entered his
father's store and
has been intimately
connected with the
business ever since.
He was for three
years traveling
salesman, beginning
when seventeen
years of age. Be-
sides this business,
Mr. Bierhaus has
large interests in

tered the store of his father and has been
actively connected with the business since. He
was for eight years bookkeeper and was on
the road as salesman one year. Mr. Bierhaus
was married Nov. 22, 1888, to Miss Anna Gib-

various other Impor-
tant concerns of the
city, being a director of the First National
Bank, president of the Vincennes Electric Light
and Power Co., and the Vincennes Mutual Fire
Insurance Co., director of the Wabash Mutual
Insurance Co., The Vincennes Novelty Works,
the Vincennes Board of Trade and other prom-
inent local institutions.

Mr. Bierhaus wan married Sept. 27, 1878, to
Miss Helen Busse, of the city. They have
two daughters.

John Bierhaus, junior member of the firm of
E. Bierhaus & Sons, was born in Freelands-
ville, Ind , Dec. 3J, 1865, and received his edu-
cation in the schools of Vincennes from the
High School of which he was graduated in
1882. Immediately after leaving sc tool he ent-

E. BIERHAUS & SONS Wholesale Grocers and Packers Fourth and Main

son, of Vincennes.
three daughters.

They have two sons and

RETAIL GROCERIES.
Bratton-Racey Grocery Co.

The Bratton-Racey Grocery Company was
established September 19, 1901. The members
are J. Frank Bratton, William S. Racey and
Thomas F. Palfrey. The company purchased
the stock of James Hedden, deceased, and
continued the business at his old stand In the
Bishop block, at the west earner of Fifth and
Main streets. Messrs. Bratton and Racey were
both largely experienced in the business, the

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

119

former having been for fourteen years and the
latter for seven years with Watts Bond, a large
general merchant at Oak town. Mr. Racey was
subsequently for five years in partnership with

James Hedden, under the firm name of Racey
& Hedden, in a grocery business at this same
location. Immediately 1-ofoie the formation of
this company, Mr. Brat*on was for eighteen
months in the grocery butiness at No. 423 Main
street, as a member of ihe firm of Bratton &
Bouvy, and the stock carried by this firm was
combined with the Hedden stock. The Brat-
ton-Racey Company carries an immense stock
embracing everything that belongs to this line
of business and have a trade excelled by few
retail grocery stores in the State.

J, Fran 1 !* Bratton, of tne Bratton-Racey Gro-
cery Company, was born in Xenia, Ohio, No-
vember 3. 1867. He catne to Oaktown, Ind., in
1886, and immediately entered the general store
of Watts Bond as a salesman, remaining there
for fourteen years until M<.rch, 1900, when he
embarked in business in Vincennes as a mem-
ber of the firm of BraUon & Bouvy. In 1888
Mr. Bratton was united in marriage with Miss
Leelah H. Wortman, of O&'rtown. They have
three children.

(For biographies of Mersrs. Racey and Pal-
frey see Racey-Palfrey Shoe Company.)

W. F. Recker.

William F. Recker
was born in Vincennes
S-jptember 16, 1862. He
was educated in the
schools of the city. His
first employment after
leaving school was as
salesman in the store of
Ernest Baker, at Sev-
enth and Main streets,
in whose employ he re-
mained for more than
tui years. He then,
October 1, 1889, embarked in business for him-
self at the south corner Fourth and Main
streets, where he has continued to the present
time. Uniformly courteous and obliging to his
custom, he has built up a strong and profitable
trade. Mr. Recker was married in 1891 to Miss
Emma Hickman, of the city. They have one
son and one daughter.

Jacob W. Casseil.

Jacob W. Casseil was
born on a farm near
Alexandria, Madison
county, Ind., December
2o, 1840. Attended the
public schools and later
tlie Northwestern Uni-
versity, of Indianapolis.
Subsequently took the
full course of the Iron
City Commercial Col-
lege of Pittsburg, Pa.
Ir the fall of 1865, Mr.
Cassell's father bought a firm three miles be-
low Vincennes, now known as the Henderson
farm. This farm our subject conducted
till the fall of 1874, when he came to the City
and established a grocery business at No. 213
Main. In 1879. Mr. Cassell's business had
grown to large dimensions and he bought and
removed to his present location, No. 123-5 Main
street where he has since been continuously.
Mr. Cassell's business devloned rapidly and he
has for many years done a wholesale and retail
business in produce, groceries, etc. Prior to
Cleveland's second administration he did a
business as high as $7o,000 per annum. Mr.
Casseil had always been a Democrat in politics
until the second administration of President
Cleveland. Even then party ties were so strong

120

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

that in 1890 he voted for Bryan. In 1900, how-
ever, he burned his bridges behind him and
supported McKinley. For ten years Mr. Cassell
sewed as appraiser ot lands for the school
fund. He owns thirteen hundred acres of land
in Lawrence county, Illinois, adjacent to the
town of Billet, which place he platted and dedi-
cated.

Mr. Cassell was in 1874 married to Miss Alice
J. Turner, of Clay county, Kansas. They have
five children. ,

Christian W. Schultz.

Christian W. Schultz
was born in Prussia,
May 18, 1850, coming to
this country with his
parents when eight
vears of age. They
came direct to Free-
laiudville, where he at-
tended the parochial
.-chools one year. In
1803 when thirteen
years of age, he entered
the employ of Peter
Pomil, a merchant of Vincennes, with whom
he remained eighteen years, until 1881, when
he embarked in business for himself on Sec-
ond and Shelby street. Here he continued for
two years, when in 1883, his business having
prospered he bought the lot at north corner of
Second and Shelby and erected a substantial
brick store and dwelling in which he has since
conducted a thriving Dusmess. Mr. Schultz
was im 1871, married to Miss Sophia Laue, of
Vincennes. They have two children living.

J. Herman Twietmeyer.

J. Herman Twietmey-
was born in St. Louis
December 20, 1873, and
removed with his par-
ents to this city in 1883.
He was educated in the
schools of Vincennes
and immediately after
leaving school, entered
the store of his father,
Mr. Frederick Twiet-
meyer, with whom he
remained for a period

of t\velve years, till August 18, 1901, when he
established his present grocery business at the
east corner of Seventh and Seminary streets.

His long experience witi his father, who is one
of the i.iost thorough business men of the city,
has equipped our subject w:'th a knowledge of
the business in wbich lie is engaged and with
the demands of his trade which insures him
a successful career, an earnest of which already
appears in the handsome beginning he has
made.

Mr. Twietmeyer was married in 1897 to Miss
Emma Weigelt, of the city.

M. Halter.

Michael Halter was
born in Vincennes Feb-
ruary 28, 1862. He was
educated in the schools
of the city. His first
employment was in the
wholesale grocery store
of L. B. Smith, where
he was engaged when 22
years of age and where,
being of a steady and
industrious turn, he re-
mained fourteen years.

He then in 1898 enterea the employ of Frank
Krack. in a new groceiy store established at
the corner of Tenth and DuBois streets. He
continued in Mr. Krack's employ till in March,
1898, when he bought the business and has
since continued to conduct it at the same place,
where he carries a large and complete stock
and enjoys a good, healthy trade in groceries,
notions, etc. Mr. Halter is a thorough business
man and close attention to business, coupled
with fair dealing, has given 'him a strong hold
on his trade.

Mr. Halter was married in 1890 to Miss The-
resa Bohnert. They have one son.

Lawrence S. Bey.

Lawrence S. Bey was
born in Viocennes, Au-
gust 10. 1872. He was
educated in the Catho-
lic schools of the city
and after leaving school
was first employed
when about fifteen
years of age, in the
woolen mills of Fyfield
& Lee. Two years la-
ter he entered the
employ of Jacob W.
Cassell, wholesale and rei . i grocer, with v hoin

VIXCEXXES IN PICTURE AND STORY

121

he remained two and a half years. Following
this he was with Bey Brothers, Seventh and
Main street, for nine years- In 1898 he em-
barked in grocery business at Seventh and Hart
streets, which he continues to conduct. Law-
rence Bey carries one of the most complete lines
in the city, which is always kept in first-class
shape. Catering to the best class of trade he
has built up an excellent custom which he holds
by an ever anxious solicitude to meet its wants.
Mr. Bey was married. September 29. 1896, to
Miss Mary Fritsch. of the city. They have one
son.

tmf

CONFECTIONERS.

William W. Cassell.

William W. Cassell. confectioner and caterer,
,No. 300 Main, was born in Jacksonville, 111.,
March 16, 1860. Was elucated in the schools
of that city and learned the trade of candy
maker, which he followed for some years there.
There he was married in 1884 to Miss Wilhelmi-
na Knollenberg of Jacksonville. They have one
son living.

Mr. Cassell came to Vmcenmes in 1891 and
soon afterward .formed a partnership with J. J.
Dawson, under the firm name of Dawson &
Cassell, and they embarked with small capital
in the ice cream and confectionery business.
The business was successful trom the start, and
grew rapidly in proportions. At the end of one
year Mr. Gassell bought the interest of his part-
ner and has since condiu ted the business with
profit and credit to himself, seeing it grow year
by year from a small retiiil business to a whole-
sale one of large dimensions, especially in the
departments of ice cream and candies of his
own manufacture. Being of a studious and ex-
perimental turn Mr. Cassell makes many con-
fections of his own compounding that have
grown into great favor. To the end that his
goods may at all times be pure and wholesome
he makes not only his candies but also the
extracts, flavorings, sirups and colors that enter
into them. Long since the demands of his
trade required the installation of a power plant,
to which he has been compelled to add from
time to time as requirements of the business
dictated, until it is now most complete. His
wholesale trade extends over a radius of 75
miles or more and his chief consideration, has
not been its extension but rather its detention
within the bounds of his capacity, his chief

desire being to cater to the local trade.

An idea of the extent of his trade may be
drawn from the fact that his consumption of
ice during the summer season reaches from
3.(oo to r-.OOO pounds daily.

Rumor & Son.

The business of Rumer & Son, candies, con-
fectionaries, cigars, ice cream, etc., 220 Main
street, was established
in 1893, on a capital of
$185, of which $100
was borrowed. It has
grown and flourished
from the first and now
has reached propor-
tions which rank it
among the prominent
ousinesses on Main
street. With a stock
and fixtures averaging
from $3,000 to $4,000

and a weekly business of from $200 to $600,
the Messrs. Rumer have no cause to complain
that prosperity has not come their way. This
is one of the Vincennes houses that discounts
its bills.

Samuel Rumer was born in Vincennes Octo-
ber 18, 1851, and was educated in the city
schools, being graduated from the High
School. While yet a school boy he was em-
ployed in the Fyfield & Erushaw woolen mills
in vacation time. After leaving school he
learned telegraphy, which he followed at va-
rious points for nine years. He was also for
several years in the employ of Mass & Watson
in the Union Depot Cafe. He was afterward
deputy sheriff for a period tf seven years. He
was elected a member of the city counicil but
resigned at the end of thirteen months to be-
come marshal, filling an unexpired term. About
the year 1890 Mr. Rumer removed to Florida,
but not liking the country remained only a
short time. Returning to Vincennes he be-
came proprietor of the livery stable at the cor-
ner of Seventh and Fairground avenue. Dis-
posing of this. he. in 1893, embarked jn his
present business. He was subsequently on the
police force, first as patrolman and afterwards
as sergeant, but the demands of his business
compelled his resignation.

Mr. Rumer was married October 16. 1872, to
Miss Sarah C. Shouse. of Harrison township,
Knox coun-ty. They have seven children, of

122

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

whom Harry, the eldest, is junior member of
the firm of Rumer & Son.

Hairy Rumer, junior member of the firm
of Rumer & Son, was born in Vineennes Jan-
uary 15, 1874, and attended, the city schools.
His first employment after leaving school was
with C. C. Jones, traveling passenger agent
of the O. & M. railway for one year. He was
then eighteen months in tine office of the O. &
M. railway, the last six months at Washington,
Ind. Subsequently he worked four years for
the Hartman Manufacturing Company, and
two years at Kixmiller's brickyard. After this
and up to the date of the establishment of the
present business he was employed in the con-
fectionery and fruit store of W. A. Miller.

Mr. Rumer was married April 20, 1897, to
Miss Mary, daughter of John Heller, of Vin-
cennes. They have two sous.

LUMBER.
Edward F. Tindolph.

Edward F. Tindolph was bora at Olney, 111.,
September 29, 1871. In 1871 his parents re-
moved to Vincennes.
After leaving the public
schools he entered the
Vincennes University,
from which he was
graduated in 1891. He
immediately became
secretary and superin-
tendent of the Citizens'
Electric Railway, a po-
sition which he held for
six years, until after

the death of his father, Allen Tindolph, in 1894.
In 1896 his interests in the Vincennes road were
sold, when he accepted a similar position with
the Springfield Railway Company, of Spring-
field, Ohio. A year later Mr. Tindolph bought
an interest in the Virginia Hotel, at Indianapo-
lis. After two years he sold his interests in
Indianapolis and -became manager of Hotel
Emory, at Cincinnati, Ohio. This position Mr.
Tindolph resigned to return to his old home in
1900. In January, 1901, he established his pres-
ent flourishing lumber business at the corner
of St. Clair street and B. & O. S.-W. railroad.
He has always been a Republican in politics
and an earnest party worker. In recognition

of his services to the party as well as his high
standing as a man and citizen, he was, Jan-
uary 11, 1902, appointed by Governor Durbin
a member of the Metropolitan Police Board of
the city, for a term of three years.

Mr. Tindolph was married to Miss Lucile,
daughter of Mr. G. W. H. Roush, of Vincentnes,
in 1890.

Robert 0. James.

Robert O. James was born in Wabash county,
Indiana, March 19, 1850, and educated in the
common schools and at
the Seminary of South
Wabash, Ind., from
which he was graduated
in 1871. After leaving
school he engaged in
farming until twenty-
seven years of age. He
then embarked in mer-
cantile business at Lo-
gansport, Ind., where he
remained three years,
when failing health
compelled him to dispose of his business and
the next year was devoted to regaining his
health, with entire success. In 1881 he became
agent for the D. M. O. & S. railroad at Des
Moines, Iowa, which position he held for about
five years. Resigning this agency he spent the
winter of 1885 and 1886 with his parents in
Wabash county, Indiana. In the spring of 1886
he became a partner in a private bank at Hugo-
ton, in South-west Kansas. He remained in
this business four and a half years. Dispos-
ing of his interest there in the fall of 1890, he
spent the winter of 1890-91 in Wabash county,
and in the summer of 1891 bougfot a flouring
mill at Eldorado, in South-east Kansas. This
business he continued till the fall of 1895, when
he dsposed of it and after a few months spent
at Wabash. Ind., came to Vincennes in May,
1896, and invested in a large tract of timber
land. He has since been engaged largely in
lumber and saw mill business, shipping the
product of his mills over a wide territory.

Mr. James was married May 9, 1878, to Miss
Mary P. Leedy, of Remington, Ind. They have
one son, Rolin R., now twenty-two years of age
and a student at Earlham College, where he will
complete the full classical course next June.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

123

DRUGGISTS.
City Hall Drug Store.

One of the oldest and best known business
houses In the city is the City Hall Drug Store,
established in 1867
by H. J. Watjen, a
pharmacist of large
experience. The
store was first loca-
ted in Odd Fellows'
block, at the corner
of Second and
Broadway, where it
remained for twen-
ty-one years. In 1888
it was moved to the
corner of Second
and Main, into the
building now occu-
pied by the German
National Bank.
Here it remained till
1895, wheni it was
removed to its pres-
ent location, corner
Main and City Hall
place. Mr. Watjen
brought with him to
the business not on- INTERIOR VIEW

ly long years of experience, many of which had
been spent in careful and thorough study of
the science, but well formed business habits,
which have resulted ini the building up of a
magnificent trade. Fifteen years ago Mr. Wat-
jen's eldest son, Woodville C. Watjen, took
up the study of pharmacy under his father's
direction and soon became one of the most
thorough and skilled pharmacists in the city.
For the past two years the business has been
under his management entirely the father hav-
ing let his mantle fall upon the shoulders of
the son, who wears it with a grace that shows
him to be of the parent stock.

The trade of the City Hall Drug Store is, as it
should be, one of the very best in the city.

Dr. R. G. Moore.

Ruben G. Moore, M. D., wholesale and retail
drugs, paints, toilet articles, etc., 221 Main
street, is one of tlie business men of the city
who may be said to be old in the business in
Yincennes, having been steadily engaged here
for more than a third of a century. Dr. Moore

was born within six miles of Indianapolis in
1837 and came to Vincennes in 1866. Apparent-
ly his long service has not rendered business
distasteful to him, for one may confidently ex-
pect to find the doctor at his desk at all times

CITY HALL DRUG STORE, 320 MAIN
during business hours.

Dr. Moore was married in 1867 to Miss Sarah
B. Burns, of Moore's Hill, Imd. They have one
son, Dr. M. G. Moore, of the city, and two
daughters, Mrs. John W. Neptune, of Thorn-
town, Ind., and Mrs. William Evans Jenkins,
of Richmond, Ind.

Victor Schoenfeld.

Victor Schoenfeld was born in Budapest, Hun-
gary, May 19, 1846. Came to America in 1872.
The first year after his
arrival he spent at Cin-
cinnati; then went to
Indianapolis, where be
was in business for six
years, coming to Vin-
cennes in August, 1879.
He went into business
at once, conducting, a
notion store at 207
Main street He re-
mained at that location
nine years, removing to

124

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

present location, No. 211 Maim, in 1888. He car-
ries a complete stock of proprietary medicines,
wall paper, sihades, paints, etc., and a variety of
notions anld toys and enjoys a thriving trade.

Mr. Schoenfeld was married in 1879 to Miss
Rifka Wile, of Vincennes. They have two
daughters, Misses Elizabeth and Elvira.

Photo by Shores

Watjcn's Wonderful Cat, "Mascot"

John M. Duesterberg.

John M. Duesterberg, druggist, 624 North
Second street, was born, reared and educated
ia Vincennes. His first
employment after leav-
ing school was with H.
E. Peck, druggist, in
1861. He remained with
Mr. Peck and his suc-
cessors, Messrs. Luck &
Patton, over four years.
He was then for three
years in the employ of
J. E). Lander, druggist.
In 1868 he embarked in
business for himself,
opening a drug store near the old passenger
depot ini North Vincennes After two years he
sold this store and bought an interest with
Landers. In 1874 this partnership was dis-
solved and Mr. Duesterberg opened a store at

No. 325 Main street. A year or so later this
was removed to No. 316 Main. In 1879 he sold
this business and was for a time out of busi-
ness. In 1883 he opened up a new stock at the
corner of Second and Sott. Here he remained
ten years. In 1893 he built and occupied his
present building at 621 North Second. Mr.
Duesterberg was married in 1874 to Miss Mary
Rikhoff. of Vinceuues.

BAKERS.
Planke Bros.

The firm of Plauke Bros., bakers and confec-
tioners, 502-4 Main street, is composed of Fred-
erick W. and Henry E. Planke, both who were
born in Westphalia, Germany, the former Sep-
tember 11, 18(52, and the latter January 11, 1869.
Frederick Planke came to this country direct
to Knox County in 1881. He lived on a farm
during the first four years after his arrival.
In 1886 with a brother. William, now deceased,
he established a business at No. 311 Main, but
after a few months removed to the present loca-
tion. William Planke died in October, 1895, and
later Henry E., who had arrived from Germany
in June, 1889, became a member of the firm.

Frederick W. Planke was married in 1886 to
Miss Annie Spangle, of Knox county. They
have two children.

Planke Brothers have fitted their bakery with
modern machinery and have every appliance
calculated to improve the quality or lessen the
cost of prodiiction and their product gives uni-
versal satisfaction. They are large dealers in
candies and confectioneries and hi season man-
ufacture and sell at wholesale and retail im-
mense quantities of ice cream, in which their
trade has had a steady and rapid growth for
several years past.

Herman Boog.

Herman BOog was born in Brunswick, Ger-
many, May 28, 1864, and came to America in
1888 at the age of 24 years. In 1890 Mr. Boog
came to Vinicennes and engaged with Frank
Mitcihell as baker. In 3891 he formed a part-
nership with Henry Bergmann and established
a bakery at Seventh and Hart streets. In 1895
the partnership was dissolved and Mr. Boog
established his present business at 9 South
Fourth street, where he has had a steady
growth and now conducts one of the largest

V1NCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

125

bakeries in the city, equipped with modern
steam machinery.

Mr. Boog was married in 1892 to Miss Lina
Ahlborn, of Celle, Germany. They have two
children living and have lost one by death.

MILLINERS.
G. R. Harvey.

Geo. R. Harvey was born in Kingston, Tenn.,
May 14, 1818. When George was two years of
age his parents removed
to a farm in) Washing-
ton county, Ind., where
he remained until
twelve years of age. He
then entered the em-
ploy of a merchant tail-
or in Salem and there
lea rned the tailor's
trade. He remained
here five years and then
established himself in
business at the small
town of Bono, in Lawrence county, near the
Washington county line. Here he commenced
business in 1833 and continued it till 1847. In
the latter year on account of failing health,
due to his confining occupation, he disposed
of his business and for an open air occupa-
tion chose flat boating and engaged in tihis occu-
pation on the east fork of White River, follow-
ing it for a period of two years. Finding him-
self then in fairly good health lie removed to
Vinlcennes, where he embarked in business as
a merchant tailor, combining with it a book and
stationer}- business. After two years he sold
the tailoring department and confined himself
to the book and stationery business. Very soon
thereafter in partnership with James A. Mason
and L. L. Watson, under the firm name and
style of Harvey, Mason & Co., he, about 1853-4,
bought the Vincennes Gazette, in connection
w-ith which the book and stationery business
was subsequently conducted. In 1859 tihey sold
the Gazette to Col. C. M. Allen and Dr. H. M.
Smith and later in the same year sold the book
store to Major Gould and Dr. Shepard. Mr.
Harvey was then for two years engaged in an
auction and commission business, embarking,
in 1861, In millinery and ladies' furnishings
and the manufacture of ladies', misses' and
children's wraps. This business grew to large

proportions and Mr. Harvey did a business run-
ning as high as 40,000 to $50,000 a year, making
nearly all the goods in those lines sold in this
section. In these lines he has continued to the
present time, but with advancing years has
dropped some features of the business entirely,
and has ceased to push the remainder with
his erstwhile vigor, being satisfied with a quiet,
little business that provides a comfortable liv-
ing for himself and family. When at the height
of his prosperity in the manufacture of ladies*
wraps, etc., Mr. Harvey employed five to six
tailors and from fifty to sixty needle women.

Our venerable subject recalls the fact that
when he came to Vincennes there were in ac-
tive business ini the city fifty-two men. Of
these he is now the only one in business. The
only other one living is Mr. Christian Eberwine,
of 503 Busseron street.

Mr. Harvey was married April 12, 1849, to
Miss Laura B. Brace, of Haysville, Dubois
county, Ind., who is still living and assisting
in the business.

Robert M. Glass.

Robert M. Glass was born in Lewistown, Pa.,
and educated in the schools of that city. He
came to Vincennes in
1879 For a period of
seven years he was em-
ployed as a salesman by
B. Kuhn & Co., and I.
Joseph & Sons, In 1885
Mr. Glass embarked in
business for himself,
buying the millinery
business of J. T. Mc-
Jiinsey, theretofore es-
tablished at 15 North
Second street, where he

has continued in business to the present time.
Mr. Glass carries one of the most complete lines
of millinery in the State and having at all
times the best trimmers obtainable, enjoys the
cream of the city's millinery trade.

Mr. Glass was married in 1885 to Miss Fannie
E. Collins, of the city. They have two children.

WALL PAPER, PAINTS, ETC.
Mrs. E. J. Loten.

The business conducted by Mrs. Eleanor J.
Loten at 416 Main street, was established by
John Loten, about 1856. Mr. Loten was born

126

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

in England and came to this country with his
father in 1853 to a farm near Grayville, 111. He
had learned the trade of house painter and
decorator in England and in 1854 came to Vin-
cennes, where lie followed his trade for a time
and then established a paint and paper store
on Fourth street, between Maim and Busseron.
He later bought two Main street lots of Dr. Hitt
and erected buildings, one of which is yet occu-
pied by the business conducted by his widow,
Mrs. Eleanor J. Loten, nee Roberts, to whom
he was married in Hull, England, in 1851. Mr.
Loten dying in 1876 Mrs. Loten> succeeded to
the business, which she has since conducted
most successfully, having added to it a fine line
of pictures, frames and ornamental goods, in
which she deals largely.

Charles W, Helle.

Charles W. Helle, dealer in pictures, mould-
ings, wall paper, paints and window shades, 219
Main street, was born
at Freelandville, Knox
county, August 11,
1866. His father died
when he was but five
years of age, and his
widowed mother re-
moved soon after to
Vincennes, where he at-
tended St. John's Evan-
gelical school and sub-
sequently the public
schools. Necessity com-
pelled him to seek employment at an early age
and he found it mainly in stores until he de-
cided to learn the trade of paper hanger, which
he did with Henry Miller. In 1887 he went to
Cincinnati and became foreman of the freight
house of the C., H. & D. railroad, in which po-
sition he remained for six years. He then fol-
lowed his trade of paper hanger for five years.
Returning to Vincennes in 1898, he bought of
J. J. Dawson the business which he has since
conducted.

Mr. Helle was married in 1889 to Miss Mary
Hays of Cincinnati.

BICYCLES, REPAIRS, ETC.
White Bicycle Company.

The White Bicycle Company, bicycles, repairs
and general repair work, 202 North Seventh
street, is the outgrowth of a business estab-
lished in the spring of 1897, by George M. White

and Lafayette LeGros, under the firm name of
George M. White. The firm continued un-
changed till December 1, 1901, when Oliver

Mrs. Loten's New Building, Telephone Exchange,
Fourth, Between Main and Busseron

Pierson bought the interest of Mr. White and
the present firm was formed, consisting of Mr.
LeGros and Mr. Pierson, and the name "The
White Bicycle Company" adopted.

The White Bicycle Company handles a large
line of the best wheels made, and are exclusive
agenits for the Crescent and one or two other
high grade wheels. They also handle a full
line of specialties and repairs and do all kinds
of repair work, including enameling and nickel-
ing, under a full guaranty.

Oliver Pierson, of the White Bicycle Com-
pany, was born in Knox county, Ohio, Decem-
ber 13, 1836. After leaving the public schools,
young Pierson took an academic course at Mar-
tinsburg and there attended college for a time.
He afterward learned the trade of chair maker
but did not long follow it, taking up that of
house painting, emigrating in 1857 to Marshall
county, Illinois. Here he taught school onie
year and then returned to Ohio. While in Illi-
nois he met and won Miss Martha Fountain, of
Marshall county, and in 1860 returned and mar-
ried her. He then followed school teaching In
Ohio one year, after which he returned to
Wenona, 111., where he followed the trade of

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

127

house painting for some five or six years. From
there he went to Oskaloosa, Iowa, where he
was engaged, in the manufacture of window
blinds. Here he remained till the fall of 1882,
when he removed to Wabash county, Ind., and
engaged in the saw mill business. In this he
continued till 1892, when he engaged in the
same business in Knox county and continued it
till the year 1899.

Mr. Pierson is a skillful mechanic and well
versed in everything pertaining to saws and
saw mills; At filing and re-hammering saws
he has few superiors amd bJs trade in this line
is quite large. Mr. Pierson is the father of two
sons and two daughters.

Lafayette LeGros was born at Allendale, Wa-
basti county, 111. When he was six or seven
years of age his father removed to Bridgeport,
Lawrence county, 111., where he attended the
public schools. At the age of seventeen years
he engaged to learn the trade of miller and
was for several years employed in. a large flour-
ing mill at Bridgeport. Having a natural me-
chanical turn he quickly obtained an expert
knowledge of the trade and was placed in en-
tire charge of the mill at an early age. Find-
ing his health suffered from the occupation,
however, he gave it up and came to Vincennes
in 1892 and was employed in a bicycle repair
shop. In 1894, he accepted a position in a
large mill at Davenport, Iowa, which, however,
he was compelled to give up on account of his
health, after one year. Returning to Vincennes
he took charge of a bicycle department for C.
Scott & Son. Later he was offered and ac-
cepted the formanship of a large bicycle repair
shop at Atlanta, Ga. In 1897, with George M.
White he established a general bicycle business,
of which the present "White Bicycle Company"
is the outgrowth.

E. B. Hunter.

E. B. Hunter was born at Newberry, Green
counity, Ind., but his father dying when our sub-
ject was quite small, he was placed with his
grandmother on a farm near Washington, Davis
county. When fourteen years of age. striking
out for himself, he went to Mattoon, 111., where
he remained until 1875. Here young Hunter
learned milling and the machinists trade.
Leaving Mattoon he spent one year in Terre
Haute. Coming to Vincennes in 1877, he took
charge of the milling department of a starch
factory for a time and subsequently of flouring

mills at Bridgeport, 111., and at Vincennes. In
1890 Mr. Hunter opened a bicycle store, coup-
ling with it a bicycle repair shop, which has
sin/ce developed into a general machine and re-
pair shop, wherein Mr. Hunter's superior tal-
ents are in great demand. Recently Mr. Hunter
has become proprietor of the "Racket Store" for
some years conducted by Mrs. Barlow in an ad-
joining building, which has been connected by
an archway. Energy, enterprise and skill have
combined to build up for Mr. Hunter a busi-
ness of large proportions and which is appar-
ently destined to a much larger growth. Mr.
Hunter was married December 11, 1879, to
Miss Esther A. Thomas, of Washington, Ind.,
who died Sept. 27, 1899, leaving four children.
He recently married Miss Anne Barrows.

COAL AND ICE.
L. A. Frederick.

Louis A. Frederick, wholesale and retail deal-
er in coal, 1115 Main street, was born in Louis-
ville, Ky., October 20,
1858, and received his
education in the schools
of that city. At the age
of twenty years, In
1878, he entered the
shops of the Indianapo-
lis car works and learn-
ed the trade of car buil-
der and subsequently
became car inspector on
the Pan Handle rail-
road and remained In

the employ of the Pennsylvania system for fif-
teen years. In 1885 he came to Vincennes as
inspector for the I. & V. railroad and continued
to hold the position here until 1892. In the
mean time he had built up a flourishing coal
business, to which he has since devoted his en-
tire time and attention building up a whole-
sale and retail business of large proportions.
He handles the Jackson Hill and Princeton, two
of the best grades of coal to be had in this
market.

Mr. Frederick is an "old reliable" among
Republicans, and though in no sense a seeker
after office he waft in 1894 the Republican nomi-
nee for trustee of Vincennes township, and
notwithstanding a normal majority of over five
hundred in favor of the Democrats, his popular-

128

YINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

ity was attested by the fact that he was beaten
by only 89 votes. He is a member of the M. E.
church and also of a number of fraternal and
beneficiary societies, including the Odd Fellows,
K. of P., Uniform Rank K. of P., of which he
is captain; Modern Woodmen and Ben Hur. He
is also a member of the Vincennies Board of
Trade.

Mr. Frederick was married, January 10, 1SS5,
to Miss Mary E., daughter of James L. Lowe,
of Indianapolis. This union has been blessed
by nine children, of whom six sons and one
daughter are living. He resides with his family
on his farm of forty acres just east of the city
limits.

John D. LaCroix, Coal and Ice.

John D. LaCroix, dealer in coal and ice, was
born in Yincennes, April 5, 1856. He obtained'
his education in the schools of the city and in
early life was employed as a salesman in the
dry goods store of his father in the city. Soon
after the death of his father, he, in 1877, formed
a partnership with Htigh Bowen and embarked
in the grocery business at 309 Main street, un-
der the firm name of LaCroix & Boweru, com-
bining with it a coal and ice trade. At the end
of one year he bought his partner's interest and
continued the business until 1890, when he dis-
posed of the grocery store in order to devote
his entire time attention) to the other branches
of the business, which had grown to large pro-
portions, erecting an office which he still occu-
pies, at 18 South Third street.

Mr. LaCroix was married June 5, 1889, to
Miss Mary Brackette, of St. Louis.

John A. Henderson.

John A. Hendersom was born in Yincennes,
August 18, 1842. His mother dying in his in-
fancy he was placed in the care of relatives
in Parke county, Ind., where he remained till
the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion,
when ho enlisted in Company "I," First Indiana
Cavalry. With this company he served three
years, being mustered out July 4, 18G4, and saw
much hard service. He was in the second bat-
tle of Bull Rui\ and was with Grant before
Petersburg. His,- command took an- honorable
part in a number of hard fought battles and
many skirmishes. In 1867 Mr. Henderson came
to Vincennes and formed a partnership with
Irvin Wilkinson in a tin and stove business.

After about two years he sold his interests here
and went to Nashville, Tenn., where he took
stock in a cotton compress company and be-
came assistant superintendent of the business.
Afterwards returning to Vincenmes he entered
the employ of the Adams Express Company
with which he remained eleven years as way-
bill and money clerk. In 1880 Mr. Henderson
embarked in coal and ice business at corner of
Third and Scott streets, where he is still lo-
cated. Mr. Henderson was married October
20, 1869, to Miss Hanmah R. McClure, of Vin-
cennes. They have one son and one daughter.

Edwin L. Ryder.

Edwin L. Ryder was born aear Lebanon, Ky.,
May 20, 1846. He was educated at Iowa Col-
lege, Davenport, Iowa.
He learned telegraphy
and was first employed
at South Charleston, O.,
on the Little Miami
railroad. For some years
he continued with this
road occupying various
positions as operator
and agent. He was
night manager for the
Western Union at Cin>-
cinnati, Ohio, when the
Rebellion came and was made operator at
Camp Dennison, near that city, when troops
began to mobilize. Mr. Ryder attempted to en-
list but was rejected on account of being an
operator, his services in that capacity being
urgently required. He subsequently made a
second attempt with a like result. In 1866 Mr.
Ryder came to Vincennes as train dispatcher
for the O. <t M. railroad. After one year he
was made train master of the western division
and subsequently of the entire system from
Louisville to St. Louis. Later he became assist-
ant general superintendent of the road. In
1874 he resigned this position to become divi-
sion superintendent of the Missouri Pacific and
Iron Mountain roads, with headquarters in St.
Louis. In 1885 he resigned this position and
returned to Vincennes, embarking in a coal
business and sack exchange, which he has
since conducted.

Mr. Ryder was married in 1869 to Miss Mary
Wise, of Vincennes. now deceased. He has one
daughter, Mrs. William C. Breed, of New York
City.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

129

SHOES. 1

George Klein. ~

George Klein, dealer in shoes at 329 Main
street, was born in Alsace, at that time French
territory, in 1833. He cum* to this country at
the age of 19 years, landing at St. Louis, where
he remained about
eight years, following
the trade of shoemaker.
He spent also three
years at Bt-ntonsport,
Iowa, whence he re-
turned to St. Louis,
coming to Vincennes in
1868. Working for a
time as a journeyman
at his trade he, in 1869,
established a business
of his own at 323 Main.
The business flourished and was in 1878 re-
moved to its present location, where it has since
been continued.

Mr. Klein was married in 1864 to his present
wife, who was Miss Lena Heybeck, of Ger-
many, whither he had returned on a visit. They
have four children.

Racey Palfrey Shoe Co.

The Racey-Palfrey Shoe Company is com-
posed of Wm. S. Racey and Thomas F. Palfrey
and was formed in December, 1899.

Wm. S. Racey was born on a farm near Oak-
town. In 1808 he took a position in the general
store of Watts Bond,
of Oaktown, anid re-
mained with him sev-
en years. In March,
1895, he formed a
partnership with James
Hedden and embarked
in the grocery business
at the corner of Fifth
and Main Streets, Vin-
cennes. In December,
1899, Mr. Racey sold
his interest in the
grocery store and formed a partnership with
Thomas F. Palfrey in the shoe business, which
they have since conducted at 218 Main street.
Mr. Racey was married in October, 1889 to Miss
Maggie E. Shepherd, of Oaktown. They have
two children living.

Thomas F. Palfrey was born in Detroit, Mich.,
and educated in the schools of St. Louis, to

which city his parents
removed when Thomas
F. was a small boy. In
1889 he took a position
with the Simmons
Hardware Company, of
St. Louis, in which
company he soon after
became a stockholder
and traveling salesman
and remained in that
connection for ' ten
years, withdrawing in
December, 1899, to enter the shoe business. Mr.
Palfrey was in 1894 married to Miss Mary L.
BurrelJ, of St. Louis. They have three children.
(Messrs. Racey and Palf/ey are both mem-
bers of the BractonrRacey Grocery Company.)

Chas. E. Shepherd.

Charles E. Shepherd was born on a farm in
Knox county near Oak-
town. When he was
qaito small his parents
removed to Sullivan
county, where he was
reared and educated.
He remained on the
farm until twenty years
of age, when he took a
position with Racey &
Hedden, grocers, with
whom he remained for
several years. He be-
came a salesman for tiie Racey-Palfrey Shoe
Company in September, li)l.

T. Ray Cross.

T. Ray Cross was born and reftred on a farm
near Vincennes, attending the schools of the
city, including one year
in the high school. In
1896 he entered the em-
ploy of Racey & Hed-
den grocers, Fifth and
Main, and remained
there until the death of
Mr. Hedden. in the fall
ot 1891, which resulted
ir closing the business
temporarily. In Octo--
ber, 7901, he became a
salesman in the shoe

store of the Racey-Palfrey Shoe Company,
where he is now employed.

130

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

HARDWARE.
W. H. Weed.

William H. Weed was born in Grayville, Illi-
nois, May 5, 1803, and received his general edu-
cation in the schools of that city. He after-
wards attended Easthan/s Business College, of
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.,
from which he was
graduated in 1880.

He first embarked in
business at Fairfield,
Illinois, where he con-
ducted a hardware
store for a few mouths,
removed to Grayville,
where he was in busi-
ness about two years
before coming to Vin-
cennes in 1887. Here he
first occupied the storeroom at 214 Main street,
where he remained twelve years, moving into
the large double stores at 410 and 412 Main in
1899, remaining here to the present time.

Mr. Weed handles a general line of builders'
hardware, stoves, furnaces, tinware, tools, wire,
rooting, etc., and has built up a fine business
and a reputation for fair dealing that is as
broad as the territory over which Vincennes
trade extends.

Mr. Weed was married at Grayville, Illinois,
in 1884, to Miss Mary B. Spring. They have
one son.

N. Smith & Sons.

The firm of N. Smith & Sons is one of the
oldest in the State of Indiana, dating back to
the year 1817, when Nicholas Smith ,the foun-
der, and father of the present proprietors, came
to Vincemies from Cincinnati, being originally
from Newark, N. J. He established himself as
a blacksmith, subsequently adding a tin shop
and in 1834 putting in> a line of stoves. Mr.
Smith, in 1828, bought the property, then va-
cant, where the business now stands, No. 313
and 315 Main street, together with that at Nos.
317 and 819 Main, and about the year 1860,
erected the building now occupied by H. Brok-
hage & Sons, and in 1864 that occupied by the
present firm of N. Smith & Sons.

The firm was originallv composed of the fath-
er, Nicholas Smith, and his two elder sons. G.
Foster and C. C. Smith. The two sons with-
drew from the firm in 1856 and embarked in

business together at Terre Haute, where C. C.
Smith is still engaged, G. Foster being now de-
ceased. After the withdrawal of his sous Mr.
Smith continued alone till the year 1864 when
Edward H. and John A. Smith were admitted
to a partnership and the old name has con-
tinued to the present date, though the elder
Smith died in the year 1871, and the business
has been conducted with m irked success by the
last named brothers. The line includes every-
thing in lieating and cooking stoves, kitchen
utensils, tin work of all descriptions, steam,
hot water and hot air furnaces, mantels, roof-
ing, guttering, etc. The growth of the business
has recently compelled the addition of a large
ware room in the rear to accommodate it. Be-
sides their business, the Messrs. Smith are large
owners of valuable real estate in the city. They
are enterprising and public spirited men and
ready ,\t all tin?es to lead a holping hand for the
advancement of the city E. H. Smith was a
charter member of the board of trade and is a
director in the First National Bank.

P. Eluere & Sons.

The firm of P. Eluere & Sons is one of the
oldest houses in the city and owes its beginning
to a small repair shop started by Prosper El-
uere, in the year 1842, on Broadway between
First and Second streets. Born in Rennes,
France, in 1812, Mr. Eluere learned the trade
of gun and locksmith and became an expert
in general repair work. Ernmigrating to Ameri-
ca and coming direct to Vincenmes in the year
last above mentioned, he established himself
in business as stated and as his talents were
recognized and his business and capital grew,
he put in a line of guns
and sporting goods,
adding to it other lines
as his trade demanded,
from time to time, until
he carried a great varie-
ty of goods, represent-
ing a large investment.
Mr. Eluere was married
in 1847 to Miss Mary
Louise Bayard and to
the union were born
five sons, Edward, Sam-
uel, Louis, Prosper, Jr., and William, and three
daughters. Misses Emma, Frances and Eliza-
beth. Before many years the business of Mr.
Eluere had outgrown its quarters, and its char-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

131

acter and dimensions demanded a better loca-
tion. Accordingly he removed to 305 Main
street where he continued to conduct it for
many years to the date ol his death in 1891.
Two years prior to his death Mr. Eluere asso-
ciated with himself ini the business his three
sons, Prosper, Louis and William, who had
grown up with it, and thuy now conduct the
business. P. Eluere & Sons is not only one
of the oldest but one of the largest retail busi-
nesses in the city. They carry an immense
line of hardware, cuttlery, guns, sporting goods,
notions, toys, etc.

The Messrs. Eluere are skilled mechanics and
in their repair shop do in the most skillful man-
ner all kinds of repairs in metal. Born, reared
and educated in Vincennes, they are known
as careful and reliable business men, whose
word is as good as their bond, and is taken
by their customers at its face value.

MARBLE.
Peter J. Burns.

Peter J. Burns, of the Standard Monument
Works, 14 South Second street, was born In
Pittsburg, Pa., March 9,
1854. He was educated
in the schools of Louis-
ville, Ky., and at St.
Mary's Academy, of
Floyd county, Indiana,
from which he was
graduated in 1871. He
learned the trade of
marble cutter at Louis-
ville, Ky., and followed
the trade as a journey-
man marble cutter for
about ten years, traveling for a marble firm
during an interval of four years. Mr. Burns,
in 1885, embarked in business in Vincennes
with E. M. Salyards as a partner, under the
firm name of Salyards & Burns. This part-
nership was dissolved after two years and Mr.
Burns went into business alone. The pres-
ent firm was organized in 1896. Mr. Burns is a
thorough master of the mechanical side of his
bii^eer. 's a designer of ability and taste, and
having a broad acquaintance in this section
his firm enjoys a large and profitable custom.
He has done much work of the higher class
for wealthy and distinguished peoole of this
and other cities.

Mr. Burns was married October 3, 1882, to
Mrs. Mary Walter, of Jeffersonville, Ind. They
have one daughter.

E. M. Salyards.

Edward M. Salyards was born at Portsmouth,
Ohio, March 12. 1845. When he was eight years
of age his father re-
moved to Orleans, Ind.,
where the son grew to
young manhood and
where at the age of 16
years he enlisted in the
Twenty-fourth Indiana
Volunteer Infantry and
remained in the service
till the close of the war,
four and a half years,
seeing much hard serv-
ice and being engaged
in maiijy battles of importance, among them
Shiloh, Champion Hill, Mississippi, and Vicks-
burg, Mis?.

After the war he attended the Indiana Uni-
versity at Blooraington for eighteen months.
After leaving school Mr. Salyards learned the
trade of marble cutter with his father at Or-
leans and has followed it ever since. He first
went imto business for himself at Madison, Ind.
From there, he went to New Albany where,
with a partner, he conducted a large business
for ten years. In 1885 he engaged in business
in Vincennes, where he has continued to the
present time. Mr. Salyards was married at
Bloomington. Ind.. in 1867, to Miss Eleanor An-
derson. They have four children.

FUNERAL
Ora J.

Ora J. Hartley was
in 1874. He received

DIRECTORS.
Hartley.

born at Hillsboro, Ind..
a gooa education in the
schools of Crawfords-
ville. After leaving
school young Hartley
learned telegraphy and
followed the vocation of
telegraph operator for
three years. He was
then for three years
with H. L. Steers, un-
derfci ker. in T e r r e
Haute. He came to
Vincennes in February.
1901 buying the inter-

132

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

est of John Weber in the undertaking business
of Karaschefsky & Weber, the firm, becoming
Karaschefsky & Hartley. Mr. Hartley is a
thorough master of the undertaker's profession
and in every way a good citizen and business
man. His firm is doing a good business.

Mr. Hartley was married October 15, 1901, to
Miss Lida Swain, of Vincennes.

Dexter Gardner & Son.

The firm of Dexter Gardner & Son, under-
takers, 427 Main street, dates back to 1816,
when Andrew Gardner, a native of Boston,
Mass., arrived in Vincennes and estab-
lished a furniture and undertaking
business. About 1840, Andrew Gard-
ner associated with himself his son,
Elbridge G. Gardner, who had for a
number of years had practical charge
of the business, and the firm beeame
Andrew Gardner & Son. After the
death of the Elder Gardner, in 1860,
the business was continued by the sou
in liis own name. The latter conducted
a factory for the manufacture of furni-
ture as a feeder for the business Tind
this was on a large scale for those
days. In 1884 Elbridge G. Gardner
associated with himself in the business
his sons, Dexter and Edward, under
the firm name of E. G. Gardner &
Sons, and o continued till 1892, when
the business was divided between* the
two sons, Edward taking the furniture
business, which continued in the name
of E. G. Gardner & Sons, and Dexter
continuing the undertaking business.
In 1899 George E., son* of Dexter Gard-
ner, was admitted into the business
and the firm became Dexter Gardner
& Son.

The firm of Dexter Gardner & Son
has long been one of the leading under-
taking firms of Southern Indiana and
has don>e a large business in the city
and vicinity. The father, Dexter Gard-
ner, died February 8, 1902, and the
firm as now constituted is composed of the
heirs of Dexter Gardner and George E. Gard-
ner. George E. Gardner is assisted in the man-
agement of the business by his sister. Miss
France D. Gardner, who is a practical funeral
director and embalmer.

George Elbridge Gardner was born and reared
in Vinceunes and educated in its schools. After
leaving school he was for nearly two years in.
the railway mail service, after which, in 1891,
he entered the employ of Stanley & Co., under-
takers, of Memphis, Tenn. He remained with,
them six years, returning to Vincennes in 1867.
He was then employed by his father until he
became a member of the firm as above stated.
Since the death of his father Mr. Gardner has
been appointed the Democratic member of the
Metropolitan Police Board of Vincennes, suc-
ceeding his father, a position for which he had

FOUR GENERATIONS OF GARDNERS

the hearty endorsement of Republicans and
Democrats alike.

Mr. Gardner was married in 1897 to Miss
Ella Whittle: of Vinrennes. They have an inter-
rstinu; little daughter of five years and an in-
fant son.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

153

PHOTOGRAPHERS.
E. E. Shores.

Elmer E. Shores was born at Waverly, Iowa,
July 2, 1862. Came to Vincennes 1876. Was
graduated from the
Vincennes High School
ini 1880. Taught school
two years. He then
studied crayon work
and in 1883 opened a
studio for this, class of
work in St. Louis. To
this he subsequently
added photogr a p h y .
Here he remained, con-
ducting a 'successful
business till the year

1892, when he came to Vincennes and
established his present business, Since- Sep-^
tember. 1895. Mr. Shores has been traveling for <
the W. A. Seed Dry Plate company,, of St. (
Louis, having charge of eight states for that '"
concern. In the mean time his%business here
is in competent hands and receives,- much per- '
sonal attention from the proprietor. , The busi-
ness here has been eminently successful, be-
ing one of the largest in the state, "turning out ' !
every class of photography knpwn to the craft.

Mr". Shores was. in 1883. parried to Miss,/
Anna Bloom, of Vincenmes. They have two
daughters.

Edward S. Clark.

Edward S. Clark was born at Assumption,
Christian county, Illinois, and educated in the
schools of Taylorville,
attending the high
school of that city. He^
remained in Christian
county, part'of the time^
on a farm. . until 17
years of age, when he
went to Indianapolis,
where he learned pho-
tography and has since
followed that profes-
sion. He remained sev-
en years in one of the
leading Indianapolis galleries then spent two
years in a Chicago gallery. From Chicago he
took a tour through Wisconsin, making views
for the Wisconsin Ledger, of Milwaukee. Re-
turning to Indianapolis, he was again employed
in a leading gallery for some two years, after

which he embarked with a partner in business
at Noblesville. After near two years sold this
business and returned to Indianapolis where
he was employed for about five years, coming
to Viucennes in 1899 as operator at E. E.
Shores' gallery, where be has since been em-
ployed. Mr. Clark is a pastmaster of the art
and has given excellent satisfaction to the
patrons of this establishment. Much of the
finest engraving in this work is from negatives
taken and pictures finished by Mr. Clark.

Martin V. Presnell.

Martin V. Presnell, photographer, was born
and reared in Vincennes and educated in the
public schools. Mr.,
presnell engaged in the
business of photogra-
phy in 1883, and has
followed it continuous-
ly since. He has been
near five years at his
present number, 207$
Main. He has made it
a point to keep abreast
of the imprivernents in
photography and his
work shows him as a

\ thorough master of his profession.

A number of the portraits in this volume are

-f row: photographs from his studio.

I. E. Townsley.

Isaiah E. Townsley Was'-born on a farm in
Fountain County, Ind., in 1847.- Was educated
in the schools of that
county and remained
on the farm until 32
years of age. In the
winter of 1864-5, when
in his 17th year, Mr.
Townsley enlisted in the
150th Indiana Volun-
teers and served to the
end of the war. - In
INS2 he came to Vin-
cennes and embarked
in business as a pho-
tographer, in which business he has since been
engaged. Mr. Townsley is devoted to his call-
ing and makes a superior line of work. Many
of the illustrations of this volume are from
photographs made by him. Mr. Townsley was
married October 30, 188K to Miss Eliza Harris,
of Vincennes.

134

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Cassius E. Todd.

Cassius E. Todd was born at Mt. Vernon,
Ohio, Sept. 6, 1879, and educated in 1 the schools
of Fredericktown in
that state. After reach-
ing manhood Mr. Todd
spent several years on
a farm. Coming to
Vincennes in 1897 he
engaged in the lumber
business with hia
father at the corner of
Third and Scott Streets,
under the firm name of
W. J. Todd & Co. After
three years in this bus-
iness he took up the business of photography,
to which he had previously given much atten-
tion. After spending some months in the gal-
lery of J. S. Thompson he bought the business
in April, 1901. Mr. Todd is an industrious and
capable young man and can at all times be
found at his place of business, 308 N. Second
Street, ready to take a good photograph for a
reasonable price. Mr. Todd was married
March 28, 1899, to Miss Hayth-Hifdson, of Vin-
cennes.

* ''

ARCHITECTS AND CONTRACTORS.
John Hartigan.

John Hartigan was born in County Limerick,
Ireland, June 24, 1850. He came to this coun-
try with a sister in 1865, direct to Evansvijle,
where he remained about thirteen years; remov-

Hartigan Office Building. Second, bet. Main
and Vigo.

ing to Vincennes in 1878. Mr. Hartigan received
his education in Ireland. He learned the trade of
stone cutter in Evansville, which he followed

as a journeyman for about eleven years. He
then established a tombstone and monument
business in Vincennes, which he conducted for
seven years, then becoming a contractor in
which he is still engaged. While he does not,
as a rule, furnish plans, he does so in some
instances when the work is entirely of stone.

Mr. Hartigan has erected a large number of
important buildings in Vincennes, either in
whole or in part, including a number of fine
residences and public buildings. Among the
latter are the West End School, an addition to
the Vincennes University, etc. He was also
contractor for the residences of Mr. John
Smith, E. Bierhaus, J. B. La Plante and many
others. Other important buildings he has
erected are the electric ligiht plant at
corner Eleventh and Church Streets and the
stock house, bottling department, etc., of the
Eagle Brewery. In addition to his contract
business Mr. Hartigan is a l.'irge dealer in Port-
land cement. Mr. Hartigan is a public spirited
man, and has always been found ready to lend
a hand to any enterprise that tends to the ad-
vancement and development of the city.
He has borne an important part in se-
curing to Vincennes a number of industries,
prominent among which is the Vincennes Nov-
elty Works, of which he is treasurer. He has
now in hand some important enterprises which
will be of great benefit when developed.

Mr. Hartigan was in.'ijried in 1873 to Miss
Barbara Snyder, of Evansville. They have
two sons living.

Stephen Arnold.

Stephen Arnold, contractor and builder, 42ft
Church Street, was born* in Alsace, Prance (now
a German province),
July 18, 1846, and there
received his educatida
arid also learned the
trade of carpenter: and
cabinetmaker in a most
thorough manner, ac-
cordiag to the require-
ments of continental
Europe. Soon after at-
taining his majority he
entered the French
army, where he served

for a period of four years. It was during his
service that the Franco-German war occurred
and in this he saw most interesting service. He

VI. \CENNKS IN PICTURE AND STORY

135

was in a number of hard-fought battles, in one
of which he received a German bullet in his
left shoulder, suffering a severe wound. This
was in. the battle uf (iravelotte, the most im-
portant and terrible battle of the war, and one
of the greatest ever fought In this battle 175,-
000 French were engaged and their loss in
killed and wounded exceeded thirty thousand.
It occurred on the eighteenth of August, 1871.

Soon after the close of the war, Mr. Arnold
came to America, direct to Viacennes, making
the trip from Strasburg, France, to Vincennes
in eleven days. He has since coming here fol-
lowed the occupation of conti actor anil builder,
and his services have always been in demand
as one of the most thorough and reliable mas-
ters of the builder's art. He has done the
woodwork on many of the finest residences and
other buildings in the city.

Mr. Arnold and family are members of St.
John's German Catholic congregation and he is
a member of Branch 533, Catholic Knights of
America, and also of the Uniform Rank. He
is a director in the German Mutual Insurance
Co., of Vincennes.

Mr. Arnold was united in marriage October
24, 1873, with Miss Mary Memering, of Vin-
cennes, who is a native of Hannover, Prussia,
and who had preceded him to this country sev-
eral years. They have five children living and
five dead. The living are four sons, John,
Frank. Herman, Aloisius and one daughter,
Miss Catherine. Four children died in infancy
and early chi'dhood and one son, Jorseph, at
the age of eighteen years.

W. H. Moore.

William H. Moore, contractor, was born in
Richland County, Illinois, May 4, 1854, and was
educated in the schools
of that county. His
first employment was
as water boy to a con-
struction gang on the
O. & M. Railway.
Later he became a
newsboy on the same
line. He then became
a fireman and received
his engineer's license at
the age of twenty-two
years. He subsequent-
joined the bridge gang
and continued in this line of construction work

for twelve years with the O. & M. and was
then made- inspector of bridges for the entire
line from Ciueinwiti to St. Louis and also on
the Springfield branch of the road. In 1886 he
resigned this position and became a general
contractor in building and street work in East
St. Louis. He came to Vincennes in 1898, and
has been engaged in the same line here since
that time. Since coir ing to Vincennes he has
executed a number of important contracts in
the cit3' and vicinity, his latest being the hand-
some new depot of the Terre Haute Brewing
Co., on First Street.

He has also built a large amount of fine side-
walk. He is an Odd Fellow and a member of
Malluch Court, No. 45, T. B. H., of this city.

Mr. Moore was married in February, 1877, to
Miss Mary Alice Courter, of Wabash County,
111. They have two sons. . .

D. W. Norton & Co.

The firm of D. W. Norton & Co., general
contractors, is one of the strong and substantial
firms added to the business fraternity of Vin-
cennes lately. They
have secured office ac-
commodations and per-
manently located with
J. S. Spiker, at 408*
Main Street, where* they
will be pleased to con-
fer with any person,
firm or municipality
having work in their
line, whether a large or
small amount is to be
done, such as ditching,

grading, paving, excavating, sewer construc-
tion 1 , sidewalk building, etc. The firm is com-
posed- of D. W. Norton and J. W. Landrum and
has been for a number of years largely engaged
in this line of work. . J'liey are familiar with
every detail, are abundantly responsible and
make a pohit of complying strictly with the re-
quirements of their contracts. Among the con-
tracts executed by this firm in the past two
years are the following:

Cement sidewalks an(? curbing at Mattoon,
Illinois, amounting to $20.000: street paving at
Champaign. Illinois, to the same amount; street
paving at Lebanon, Ind.. to the amount of $50,-
000: a sewage system at Martinsville, Ind.. $">(.-
000; large contracts for sewers, excavations, ce-
ment work, etc., at Terre Haute and elsewhere.

136

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

and cement sidewalks and curbing on Eighth,
Ninth, First and Busseron Streets in Vincennes,
to the amount of eighteen thousand dollars, the
latter executed during the summer and fall of
1901.

They do not ask their patrons to take
their work on faith, but make a positive and
unequivocal five years' guaranty" on all con-
tracts executed by them. During the past year
their relations with the city and business men
have been so pleasant and their bearing has
been so universally business-like that they have
taken a high place in the estimation of our
people, by whom they are welcomed to our
midst as a valuable acquisition to the business
world.

Thomas Campbell.

Thomas Campbell, architect and builder, cor-
ner First and Perry Streets, was born in Ire-
land April 1, 1851, and came to this country
with his parents at.fhe age of three years. His
father located on a farm in Richland County,
111., six miles south of Olney, where young
Campbell grew to manhood. When eighteen
years of age he was apprenticed to John Bar-
low, of Olney, with whom he learned, the car-
penter's trade. After completing his ap-
prenticeship he continued to work at his trade
in Olney for one year, coming to Vincennes in
1873. He worked here as a journeyman car-
penter for several years, embarking in his pres-
ent business in 1892. Mr. Campbell furnishes
plans for the greater pa:-t of his work and has
to his credit many fine buildings in this- city
and neighboring towns. Among these -are the
First M. E. Church of tlna city, which is shown
elsewhere, the business block at north corner
Main and Third Streets, that at 207-17 North
Second, residence of Fred Bierhaus, on Fifth,
between Perry and Seminary, residence Guy
Mc.Timsey. 414 N. Sixth the Christian Church
at Lawrenceville, C. P. Church at Monroe City
and M. E. Churches at Shoals, Worthingfon,
Carlisle and Farmersbur?, rnd. Also superin-
tended the $50,000 addition made to the Grand
Hotel in this city in 1900 Mr. Campbell dis-
plays a taste in design and a genius in his
plans that renders his work popular. He is a
careful superintendent, permitting no deviation
from specifications and the only difficulty he
experiences is in meeting the increasing de-
mand for his services. Mr. Campbell was
married in 1876 to Miss Lucinda Matters, of

Vincennes. They have two children living and
one dead.

LIVERY.
William Simpson.

William Simpson, livery, 15-21 North Third,
opposite Grand Hotel, was born on a farm four
miles east of Vincennes,
Feb. 18, 1869. He attend-
ed the public schools
and subsequently Vin-
c e n n e s University,
almost completing the
course of that institu-
tion. He remained on
the farm till 1891 and
was for four years sub-
sequently a full partner
in the Knox Nuseries.
In December, 1895, he
accepted a position in the hardware and im-
plement house of Simpson, Emison & Laue.
Here lie remained over four years till, in 1900,
he bought the livery and boarding stable at the
above numbers, which he has since conducted.
Mr. Simpson is not only a genial and pleasant
gentleman, but an energetic and progressive
man and the business under his management
has shown material advancement, and the
number of its customers has greatly increased.

Frank Green.

Green's livery stable, Broadway near Busse-
ron, was established by William Green, who
came to this country
from Somersham, Hun-
tingtonsihire, England,
in 1831. After some
years spent as a driver
of stages, mainly on the
Evansville and Terre
Haute line, ^during a
considerable part of the
time making Vincennes
a stopping place, he, in
1836. in partnership
with Samuel Emison,
established a livery business in Vincennes.
They continued in partnership till 1S55. con-
ducting a livery and stage business, their sta-
ble was on the east corner of Second arid Broad-
way. The stable was built on its present site
in 1863 and the business has had a continuous
existence since. With his advancing years, Mr.

VIXCEXXES IN PICTURE AXD STORY

137

Green, the elder, found in his son Frank a
steady and reliable business man on whom
his mantle could fall with no fears that it would
not rest on worthy shoulders. Since 1890 Frank
has conducted the business uninterruptedly,
save for a period of two years during which
he resided in Indianapolis. Under his manage-
ment Green's Livery has always done its full
share of business. Familiar with v every detail,
Mr. Green permits nothing but the most faith-
ful attention from his employes and ttjfe best
service to his patrons. .

John F. Mail.

John F. Mail, proprietor of Mail's livery, was
born in Johnson township, Knox county, July
14, 1860. He was educated in the schools of- the
county and engaged in fanning on. obtaifiing
his majority. Having a good business head as
well as the necessary energy and * push, Mr.
Mail's farming operations were eminently suc-
cessful and he soon accumulated a competence.
In August, 1891, he bought the Caney livery,
boarding and sale stables, at 22 South Sixth
street, which he continues to conduct. Mr. Mail
has probably the largest and most commodious
buildings in the city and is always to be found
at his post ready to accommodate his trade,
which under his management is showing a
healthy growth.

Mr. Mail was married in 1885 to Miss Annie
Johnson, of Johnson township. They have four
children.

CIVIL ENGINEERS,
J. S. S piker.

Jacob S. Spiker was horn in Clay Bounty,
Coming to Vincennes in 1883, : he en-
tered the Vincennes
University J and was
graduated therefrom in
18S7. The following
year he was elected
surveyor of Knox
County. After serving
very acceptably to his
constituents for some-
thing over three years,
Mr. Spiker resigned the
office for the purpose
of taking a special
course in civil engineering at Purdue Univer-
sity, which he did. After leaving the uni

Illinois.

versity Mr. Spiker. in 1893, opened an office in
Vincennes for the practice of his chosen pro-
fession, also prepared an index to the Knox
County records for the purpose of abstracting
titles, in which his office has done a large busi-
ness, notwithstanding the fact that the increas-
ing demand for his professional services has
compelled him to leave this branch mainly in
the hands of his associates.

Mr. Spiker is a thoroueh master of his pro-
fession, a careful and exacting superintendent,
permitting nothing short of perfect compliance
with specifications in work which he super-
vises. He has been employed very largely in
the construction of levees, drainage ditches,
roads and bridges, and so favorably has he be-
come known through the excellence of his work
that his services are in demand in an ever
broadening field. He has been compelled to
call in the aid of a number of assistants., To
a considerable extent his services have been in
demand as consulting engineer in matters per-
taining to heating and various structural work.
Mr. Spiker was in 1898 elected a member of the
City Council from the Third Ward and has
been one of the most careful and serviceable
members of that body. Mr. Spiker was mar-
ried October 23, 1891, to Miss Elizabeth Hoi-
lingsworth, of Vincennes. They have one son.

A. C. Spiker.

Augustus C. Spiker was born in Clay County,
Illinois, July 1, 1872. When he was twelve
years of age his father
removed to Stoddard
County, Missouri (his
mother having previ-
ously died), and here he
grew to man'hood, be-
ing employed on the
farm and as salesman
m a store. His father
dying in 1891, he came
to Vincennes in May
of that year and at-
tended Vincennes Uni-
versity during the school year of 1891-2. He
then, in the fall of 1892, entered Purdue Uni-
versity, which he attended for four years and
from which he was graduated in June, 1896.
His class record having given him a high
standing with the authorities, he was at once
appointed an instructor in practical mechanics
and drawing, a position which be held for two

138

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

years, in the course of which, on the produc-
tion of a satisfactory thesis, he received the
master's degree of C. E. In 1898 Mr. Spiker
came to Vincennes and opened an office for the
practice of his piofession.

In January, 19(11, he was engaged to en^-
gineer and superintend the construction of a
large system of drainage in Stoddard and New
Madrid Counties, Missouri, and' has been em-
gaged there since, completing contracts aggre-
gating over $351,000. On the seventh of Janu-
ary, 1902, he let an additional contract for $87,-
000 worth of work which will begin soon. His
thorough mastery of his profession places him
in position to take charge of all sorts of con-
struction work and the care with which he
supervises work entrusted to him entitles him
to the consideration of all who have need of
the services of a competent and faithful civil
engineer.

Mr. Spiker was married, Sept. 26, 1900, to
Miss Mabel Loten, grand-daughter of Mrs. E.
J. Loten, of the city.

LAUNDRIES.
Koh-l-Noor Laundry.

The Koh-I-Noor Laundry was established in
1880 and become the property of Mr. S. S. Bur-
net by purchase in 1891. The Koh-I-Noor is
supplied with a most complete equipment of
the most modern and approved machinery
throughout, and under the efficient manage-
ment of Mr. S. S. Eastham gives universalsat-
isfaction to its large and increasing custom.
Besides its city patronage it has a large list of
patrons in the territory adjacent and tributary
to Vincennes. It gives steady employment at
good wages to twenty-five to thirty people.

Stephen S. Burnet, proprietor Koh-I-Noor
Laundry, was born in Orange, Cayahoga coun-
ty, Ohio, April 8, 1834. He received his educa-
tion in the public schools and at Hyram College,
Hyram, Ohio. His first employment in a busi-
ness way was in a wholesale liquor store at
Nashville. Tenn. He came to Vincenaes in
1862. Later he was many years engaged here
in furniture business and subsequent to this in
lumber and the manufacture of boxes, which
he continued to about the time he purchased
the laundry, as noted above He is a member
of the Royal Arcanum and of the Knights
of Honor and a Republican in politics.

Mr. Burnet was married in 18(38 to Miss Kate
Nance, of Putnamville.

Ivory Steam Laundry.

The Ivory Steam Laundry was established in
1899 by Pomil & Purcell and was successfully
conducted by them until sold to the Merchant
Brothers, present proprietors, in October, 1901.
It is equipped with modern machinery of the
best makes and is able to turn out a large
amount of first-class work, giving excellent
satisfaction to its custom, which is by no means
confined to Vincennes, extending over a wide
radius of the surorunding territory.

The Merchant Brothers are young men of ex-
cellent parts, lull of energy and closely atten-
tive to business. Both are native to the city
and no one stands fairer than they in the esti-
mation of the people.

Since taking charge of the Ivory Laundry the
Merchant Brothers have added not a little to
its equipment and capacity by putting in a
number of modern machines of the most ap-
proved pattern. They have further improve-
ments in contemplation and are determined to
make the Ivory one of the very best plants in
the state.

John A. Merchant, the senior member, took
a course in stenography and, after two years
in the employ of the McJinsey Buggy Company,
entered the division freight office of the B. &
O. railroad, in 1894. After one and a half years
here he was in 1896 transferred to the Spring-
field, 111., office, where he remained until Octo-
ber, 1901, when he resigned his position to be-
come an active partner in the Ivory Laundry.

Foster B. Merchant founii his first employ-
ment after leaving schoo) as driver for the
Ivory Laundry and has thus been with it from
the first dtry it ran to the present. He is famil-
iar with every branch of the business and has
become expert in the operation of some of the
machintery.

INSURANCE, ETC.
Albert P. DeBruler.

Albert P. DeBruler was born on a farm in
Pike Co., Ind., July 4, 1842. Was educated in
the public schools and enlisted in the army at
the age of 17 years, joining the Seventeenth In-
diana Infantry and remaining to the end of the
war. serving four years and two months. Was

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

139

a corporal when mustered out. His regiment
belonged to Wilder's brigade and was a part
of the time attached to the Fourteenth Army
Corps, but a part of the time acted independ-
ently. It belonged to the Army of the Cumber-
land, was in the battle of Chickamauga, and
passed through the famous Atlanta campaign.
Mr. DeBruler was wounded at Selma, Ala-
bama, April 2, 1865, and still carries the ball.
He was taken to a rebel hospital at Montgom-
ery, where he remained till the close of the
war.

After the war Mr. DeBruler spent several
years trading on the river and then went into
planing mill business at Petersburg. Dispos-
ing of this business he returned to the river
for a time. Was subsequently two years in
marble business at Petersburg and was Deputy
Sheriff of Pike County two years. Came to
Vincennes in 1881 and embarked in Real Es-
tate and Insurance business in which he has
continued ever since. Mr. DeBruler repre-
sents six fire, one life, one accident and one
live stock company and does a good business,
being recognized as a thoroughly reliable and
responsible man. He has a clientele which has
remained steadily with him through a long
term of years.

Mr. DeBruler was married July 6, 1886, to
Miss Harriet A. Long, of Wheatland, Ind.

Milton P. Ghee.

Milton P. Ghee was born at Thompson,
Geauga Co., Ohio, March 3, 1822. He was edu-
cated in the schools of that place and at Lord's
Seminary, Painesville, Ohio. Mr. Ghee came to
Vincennes in 1845 and became a teacher in the
schools of Knox Co. In 1847 he was married to
Miss Sophia Langdon, of Palmyra Township,
who still survives and with whom, in 1897, he
celebrated their golden wedding anniversary.
Soon after marriage he became Deputy Auditor
of Knox Co., under Abraham Smith, in which
capacity he continued to serve till 1854. In
1856 he bought an interest in the Daily Gazette
ami a book and stationery business run In con-
nection therewith under the firm name and
style of Harvey. Mason & Co., the other mem-
bers of the firm being George R. Harvey, still
of the city, and James A. Mason, now deceas-
ed. Mr. Ghee was city editor and advertising
manager of the Gazette. About 1859 the pa-,
per was sold to Dr. Hubbard M. Smith and

Hon. C. M. Allen and Mr. Ghee was retained
in the same capacity till the paper later passed
under the control of Wm. Denny, in 1860.

In 1800 Mr. Ghee became Deputy United
States Revenue Collector, under Hon. H. i$.
Shepard, which position he held for some six or
seven years, until the close of Mr. Shepard's
term of office. In 1869 he became United
States gauger of distilled spirits and so re-
mained until 1874. In the meantime he had
established himself in a fire amd life insurance
business and subsequent to that date devoted
himself exclusively to this line.

Mr. Ghee was in 1854 admitted to the prac-
tice of law, but followed the profession but a
short time. His first vote was cast in 1844 for
Henry Clay, the Whig candidate for President.
He continued a member of the Whig party till
the formation of the Republican party, voting
for Fremont in 1856, and adhering consistently
to the tenets of that party ever since. Mr.
Ghee was the Republican nominee for repre-
sentative in the legislature from Knox Co., in
1898, and his popularity is attested by the fact
that he ran something like 400 ahead of his
ticket.

Mr. Ghee has four children, one son and three
daughters.

Col. George W. McCoy.

George W. McCoy was born in Knox County,
Ind., and attended the schools of the county.
He remained on the
farm till 1879, when he
entered Purdue Univer-
sity, from which he
was graduated in 1884,
taking the degree of B.
Sc. On leaving college
Mr. McCoy came to
Vincenmes. In 1885 he
was admitted to the
bar, but has not active-
ly practiced his profes-
sion, having devoted

himself principally to the business of fire in-
surance, in which he has been eminently suc-
cessful. In 1889 Mr. McCoy was appointed
Captain of Co. A, First Regiment. I. N. G., and
in 1892 became major of the same regiment.
In December of the same year he was pro-
moted to the lieutenant colonelcy. On the
declaration of war against Spain, in 1898, the

140

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

First Regiment was mustered into the service
of the United States as the One Hundred and
Fifty-Ninth Indiana Volunteers, and Col. Mc-
Coy went with it to the field. After the close of
the war Colonel McCoy was promoted to the
colonelcy of the regiment and still holds that
commission.

Col. McCoy was married JMov. 19, 1885, to
Miss Gernand, of Danville. 111. They have no
children living, having lost a son and a daugh-
ter by death in infancy.

Wm. L. Te Walt.

Will L. TeWalt was born in Vincennes, Sept.
3, 1865, and was educated in the schools of the
city, including the uni-
versity, which he at-
tended for a number of
years.. He- subsequent-
ly erfterecL the Terre
Haute: Commercial Col-
lege and was graduat-
\, f 'ed therefrom in 1882.
His first business was
that of breeder of
blooded trotting and
racing stock, imported
German coach horses
and hiah grade saddlers, at the same time con-
ducting a successful livery business.

In 1884 he established the Wabash Valley
Stock farm, which became famous for the qual-
ity of stock it produced. This business he
continued till 1892. When he went west and
spent one year at Monte Visto, Colorado, as a
broker in mining stocks, and also doing a real
estate and loan business. Returning to Vin-
cennes in 1893 he established his present real
estate and insurance business, buying an in-
surance business theretofore conducted by Mr.
Fred Hall. He has since added to the busi-
ness until he now does every species of insu-
rance known to this section. He represents
seven of the leading fire companies, also Tor-
nado. Steam Boiler, Plate Glass, Live Stock,
Life and Accident. He also represents the Fi-
delity and Deposit Bond Co. His insurance
linos have had a steady and satisfactory
growth and Mr. TeWalt stands exceptionally
high in insurance circles, adjusting losses for
his companies in Southern Indiana and Illinois.
In the other side of his business, that of real
estate find loans. Mr. TeWalt has been equally

a marked success. He has handled much val-
uable property in a way which denotes his pe-
culiar abilities in this direction and to give
most excellent satisfaction to his clients, and
he has reason to pride himself on the character
of the clientele he has built up. In the midst
of his large business he has yet been able,
through bis thorough system, to fiind time to
execute numerous trusts imposed upon him in
the way of Guardianships, Administration of
estates and executorships, in all which capaci-
ties he has served most satisfactorily.

He is a member of a number of fraternal and
beneficiary orders, in most of which he holds
responsible official positions. He is scribe of
Mallnch Court, No. 45, Tribe of Ben HUT,
Record and Finance keeper. Vincennes Tent,
No. 1-19. K. O. T. M.; chairman of the commit-
tee on credentials of the Suprece Council of
American Plowmen, of Logansport, Ind. He
is also a member of the Masonic fraternity of
Vincenntes, and is director and treasurer of the
Wabash Building and Loan Association.

Mr. TeWalt was married Sept. 3. 1884, to
Miss Alice, daughter of Dr. John Williams, of
Olney. 111. They have one daughter, Miss
Leona.

Maitland A. Claycomb.

Maitlamd A. Claycomb was born in Lawrence
County. Illinois, Nov. 10, 1863, removing to
Knox County, Ind., to
make his home with
his graindparents on the
death of his mother,
in 1869. He was edu-
cated in the schools of
Knox County, remain-
ing on the farm until
23 years of age, when
he engaged in , a mer-
cantile business at Giro,
Gibson County, secur-
ing and naming the

postotfice at that place. Remaining here but
six months he removed to Monroe City in May,
1887. where he continued in business till Sep-
tember. 1900. when he sold his store and came
to Vincennes, where he ably represents the
Aetna Life Insurance Co., of Hartford, Conn.
Mr. Claycomb has always been an earnest
worker in the cause of Democracy and was in
1896 elected to the state legislature to repre-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STOUY

141

sent Knox County, and re-elected in 1898, serv-
ing with ability in the sessions of 1897 and

1899. Mr. Claycomb was married in 1899 to
Miss Barbara M. Marchino, daughter of Baltzer
Marchino, of Vincennes. They have two chil-
dren.

John Selby.

John Selby was born on a farm in Spencer
County, Ind., where he remained until nine-
teen years of age. Af-
ter leaving home he
spent one and a half
years in Indiana Uni-
versity at Bloomington.
He was then for two
years connected with
a gents' furnishing
store at Mount Pulaski,
111. After some years
spent in various occu-
pations he embarked in
the work of life insu-
rance, engaging with the New York Life In-
surance Co., at Evansville. For this line of
work he showed a special talent and was emi-'
nently successful from the beginning. Was
placed in charge of the Vincennes field in July,

1900, where he has since been engaged with
an energy that has proven most profitable to
himself and his company, and has easily dis-
tanced all competitors. About the first of 'the
year 1902 he was made manager of a district
composed of a number of counties, with" head-
quarters at Vincennes.

Carlin Utterback.

Carlin Utterback, general agent of the Na-
tional Surety Company, was born in Clay Coun-
ty, Illinois, where he received a common school
education, after which, a three years' mixed
course in the Vincennes University.

He became a resident of Vimcennes in-. 1888,
since which time he has engaged in the book
and stationery, insurance and surety bond busi-
ness successively, having now the general
agency of Soxithern Indiana for the National
Surety Company, of 340 Broadway, IJew York,
and transacting a general surety business
through a local board, composed of George W.
Donaldson and Charles Bierhaus. Vice-Presi-
dents; Clarence B. Kessinger, Attorney, and
himself Resident Assistant Secretary.

Mr. Utterback has built up a profitable busi-

ness and is recognized as one of the leading
surety bond men of this section of the United

States. He is also actively engaged in the de-
velopment of the natural adv-afttages of the
city, and improvements in the North Side,
where he has valuable real estate interests,
having recently platted and annexed a subdi-
vision of 1JM) desirable residence building lots,
where many beautiful cottages are now in
course of construction.

Mr. Utterback was married to Miss Elizabeth
Broulette, of Vincennes, October, 1887, and to
them have been born one son, Ben, and three
daughters, Esther, Catherine and Ruth.

MISCELLANEOUS.
F. A. Thuis.

Frank A. Thuis, bottler of soda, cider, seltzer
and other "soft" drinks, 15 South Third Street,
was born in Vincennles, November 11, 1859. He
attended the schools of the city, inculding the
High School and Vincennes University. After
leaving school he was for a time employed in
R. J. McKenney's Bank and then entered the
employ of his father, Mr. H. F. Thuis, who con-
ducted a confectionery and bottling works. He
was later admitted to a partnership in the busi-
ness and became sole proprietor in 1895, by
purchase from his father. Mr. Thuis enjoys a
large city trade and also ships largely over a

142

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

radius of twenty to thirty miles: His goods
have a reputation for purity and excellence
that makes them popular wherever used.

Mr. Thuis is a leading member of the Im-
proved Order of Red Men of the city, and has
held all the important offices of Peankeshaw
Lodge, No. 108, of the city. He has for ten
years held the office of "Chief of Records"
save when filling another office incompatible
therewith. He has been for many years chair-
man of the Democratic City Central Commit-
tee. Mr;- Thuis was, in November, 1884, mar-
ried to Miss Mary Raben, of St. Wendel, Posey
County, Ind., who conducts a prosperous mil-
linery business at No. 217 Main Street. They
have three sons and one daughter.

John B. Zuber.

John B. Zuber was born in Vincennes, May
9, 1858. He was educated at the German
Catholic Parochial
Schools till ten years of
age, whent he went to
regular work, driving a
team. This he con-
tinued to do for several
years, assisting to sup-
port a widowed mother.
Later he worked some
two or three years in
the poultry house of
Bierhaus & Sons. He
afterwards became

weighmaster at the Baltic Mills, then owned
by .Louis Schliep. Here he remained for six
years, when he embarked in the butcher busi-
ness with his brother Joseph, in 1890. In 1895
Mr. Zuber bought his brother's interest in the
business and now conducts two shops, one at
523 Main, and the other at 913 N. Seventh
Street. He has his own large and well ap-
pointed slaughter house, where his meats are
dressed in the very best manner. Mr. Zuber
was married in 1878 to Miss Elvira Lovell, of
Henderson, Ky.

A. M. Yelton.

A. M. Yelton was born in Butler, Pendleton
County, Ky., and received 'his education in the
schools of that town. After leaving school he
learned telegraphy, soon acquiring great pro-
ficiency, so much so that at the age of twenty-
one years he became train dispatcher on the
M. & O. Railroad. This position he held for

three years. In 1874 he came to Vincennes as
agent for the C. & V. and I. & V. Railroads,
now the Big Four and Pennsylvania. He con-
tinued as such agent for seventeen years, until
he entered upon the duties of clerk of the Cir-
cuit Court to which office he was elected on
the Democratic ticket, in 1890. As circuit
clerk Mr. Yeltou gave eminent satisfaction, be-
ing at all times courteous and obliging, and his
niomination and election to a second term was
accomplished without great effort on his part.

Mr. Yelton is the Democratic nominee for
alderman of the Third Ward in the pending
campaign.

Mr. Yelton was married, Dec. 14, 1875, to
Miss Carrie J. Shaw, of Alexandria, Campbell
Co., Kentucky. They have two sons and one
daughter.

J. C. Wagner.

John C. Wagner was born in Knox County
Nov. 8, 1857, and came to Vincennes in 1872.
Learned the jeweler's
trade with Bitterman
Brothers, who conduct-
ed a business at No.
206 Main Street. He
remained with this
firm four years, the last
two of which were in
Evansville, whither
they removed. Mr.
Wagner then followed
his trade at Freeland-
ville about two years.

In May, 1878, he took employment with Perry
Tindolph. with whom he remained till 1889.
In February of the latter year he formed a
partnership with E. J. Julian, under the firm
mime of Julian & Wagner. Their business was
located at the corner of Third and Main Streets.
This partnership was dissolved in December,
1898, and in the following February Mr. Wag-
ner established his present business at 429
Main, where a upiform courtesy and a careful
.study of the wante of his patrons has led to a
most satisfactory development, and where he
carries a lajjge ?n<d elegant lino of watches,
clocks, jewelry, sterling silverware, cut glass
and similar goods usually carried by the jew-
elry trade.

Mr. Wagner was married in 1884 to Miss
Elizabeth Briggs, of Evansville. They have
two children.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

143

W. H. Propes

William H. Propes. manager ef the Vincennes
branch of the Terre Haute Brewing Co., was
born in Lawrence Coun-
ty, Illinois, and re-
ceived his education in
the schools of Law-
renceville. His first
business experience
was as an undertaker
in the employ of his
father, who was in bus-
iness in Lawremceville.
Here he remained six
years till offered his
present position in
1892. Since coming to Vincenues in that year
Mr. Propes has built up for his company a fine
trade, which has necessitated the erection dur-
ing the past year of the fine new depot on
First Street, which is shown elsewhere. He
has taken a high standing among the business
men of Vincennes.

W. A. Reiman.

William A. Reiman. florist, 104 Sycamore
Street, was born in New York City, Feb. 21,
1851, and educated in
the schools of that city.
After leaving the pub-
lic schools he attended
the Free Academy of
the city, from which
he was graduated
in 1872. His first
employment was with
the banking house of
Kidd. Pierce & Co.,
fiscal agents of the
Wabash Railway. A.

Boody, president of the railway, was also a
member of this concern and through him Mr.
Reiman was, when only twenty-two years of
age. made a passenger conductor on that road,
an occupation which he followed om this and
other roads for twenty years, his last position
of this kind being on the Frisco, out of Fort
Smith. Ark. This he resigned in 1892, to be-
come special agent of the Fidelity and Casualty
Company on the Texas lines. This, after some
years, he resigned to assume the management
of the Vincenines Calorific Brick and Tile Co.,
in which he was financially interested. After
two and a half years with the company, he

bought the green houses and good will of John
A. Balmer, which he has since conducted with
the exception of two years during which he
was again on the road for the Fidelity &
Casualty Co. Mr. Reiman has a taste for this
line of business and under his management it
has had a steady growth which has compelled
him constantly to enlarge his houses and in-
crease -his facilities, until he now has one of
the most complete plants in the state, and a
constantly increasing outside demand for his
product.

Mr. Reiman has been twice married, his first
wife being Miss Mary Louise Bakeman, of
Syracuse. N. Y., to whom he was married in
1875. Her death occurred in 1885. He
was married to Mrs. Fannie B. Callender, of
Vincennes, Dec. 15, 1898. They have one son.

R. J. Greenhow.

Richard J. Greenhow was born in Vincennes
Feb. 3, 1845. He was educated in the schools
of the city, completing
his education at the
Vinicennes University,
from which he was
graduated in 1860. His
first employment was
as clerk in the Vin-
cennes postofiice under
Dr. H. M. Smith. He
subsequently engaged
in book and stationery
business, buying the
business of Capt. Wat-
sou when the latter enlisted in the army. The
business was resold to Captain Watson on his
return from, the war, and on the appointment
of Mr. Greerihow to a clerkship in the paymas-
ter's department at Washington. He was sub-
sequently a clerk in the Pension Bureau. After
two years he was assigned to the Commisary
Department of the South .and afterwards on
the Western frontier, being station^ at Forts
Fletcher and Riley, while the famous Custer's
Seventh Cavalry was being organized. Mr.
Greenhow was well acquainted with all the
officers of this famous but ill-fated command.
In 18(38 'he returned to Vinicennes and was con-
nected with the construction of the I. & V. and
C. & V. Railroads under Colonel C. M. Allen,
and subsequently became agent for these rail-
roads, in which position he remained for some
years. For the past twenty years he has been

144

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

engaged in business as a grain dealer. He is
the Vincennes correspondent of Gill & Fisher
of Baltimore and Philadelphia. Mr. Greenhow
was married in November, 1870, to Miss Eliza-
beth B. Hays, of Gosport, Ind. They have two
sons.

Samuel Riddle.

Samuel Riddle was born in Warrick County,
Ind., and educated in the schools of that coun-
ty. He learned the barber's trade in Oakland
City and there followed
it for a period of ten or
twelve years. He came
to Vincentaes in 1896
and soon after became
proprietor of a leading
shop. This business he
disposed of in *3ie
spring of 1901, and
after prospecting for a
time for another loca-
tion decided there is no
place like Vincennes,

and accordingly bought his present business, at
No. 516 Main', where his old friends have
quickly found him out.

Mr. Riddle was married April 29, 1890, to
Miss Ida M. Richardson, of Oakland City. They
have two children.

H. J. Hellert.

Henry J. Hellert was born in Prussia, Ger-
many, March 21, 1845. He attended school
there until 14 years of
age. Came to America
with his parents in 1860,
at the age of 15 years.
They came direct to
V in c e n n e s, where
Henry obtained em-
ployment at various oc-
cupations for a time
and then was for some
years in the employ of
the E. & T. H. Rail-
road, at first on a work
train, and the last two years as fireman. In
1866 he embarked in the saloon< business at
Eleventh and Main Streets, a year later moving
to 1003 Main. In 1868 he erected the build-
ing at the corner of Tenth and Main Streets
where he has since continued in business. In
1870 Mr. Hellert added a grocery department

which he continued to conduct for ten years.
In 1880 he began the business of bottling Hack
& Simon's beer, which he continued for 16
years. In the spring of 1895 lie embarked in
the wholesale liquor trade, in which he has
since done a thriving and profitable business at
Tenth and Main, and later also at 6 and 8 North
First Street, having bought, in 1899, a business
long conducted there by S. Gimbel, and after
his death by his 'heirs.

Mr. Hellert was married in 1870 to Miss Lucy
Althoff, of Vincennes. They have two sons
living and one daughter recently deceased.

A. S. Reel.

Abe S. Reel was born in Palmyra Township,
Knox County, Indiana, Oct. 22, 1843. Was
educated in the schools
of the county and at
Otterbein University of
Westerville, O. Though
but eighteen years of
age when the war of
the Rebellion broke
upon the country, he
was early to the front,
enlisting in the Seventh
Battery, Indiana Light
Artillery, in 1861. He
continued in the ser-
vice till the end of the war. The Seventh be-
longed to the artillery brigade commanlded by
General Terrell, who was killed at Perry ville,
Ky,. It took an active part in nine battles of
considerable importance, including Shiloh,
Chickamauga and Stone River, and in 168
skirmishes, more or less bloody. In the last
battle in which it was engaged, Jonesboro, Ga.,
the brigade lost every third man.

Mustered out of the army ini December, 1864,
Mr. Reel entered Otterbein University, at
Westerville, Ohio, where he remained two
years and then returned to the farm. While
remaining on the farm Mr. Reel devoted much
of his time to saw milling for ten or twelve
years; also to tubular wells. He removed to
Vincenntes in 1895, embarking in business as a
plumber and contractor. Later he bought the
building at 114 Main Street, where the busi-
ness is located.

Mr. Reel has always been prominent in
church work. Was for twenty years an elder
in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church and
for five years in the Presbvterian Cturch, of

MNCENNE3 IN PICTURE AND STORY

145

which he is still a member. Was for three
years county superintendent of Sunday school
work and three years townsihip superintendent.

He was, in December, 1901, elected com-
mander of Jeff. C. Davis Post, No. 16, G. A. R.,
of the Department of Indiana, located at Vin-
cennies.

Mr. Reel was married Jan. 2, 1867, to Miss
Martha V. Pea, his present wife. They have
live daughters.

Joseph Kitchell.

Joseph Kitchell was born in Springfield, Ohio,
Aug. 13, 1851, and attended the schools of that
city. When twenty
years of age he came to
Indiana and located at
Patoka, where he
learned .the trade of
shoemaker and fol-
lowed that occupation
till 187t', when he re-
moved to Vincennes,
where he has dince re-
sided.^ Mr. Kitchell
has recently patented a
device to take the place,
of the hook fastener, so largely used on shoes,;,,
and his invention is highly commends! by shoe
men, many of whom believe it will displace the
hook and thus prove a most profitable discov-
ery 4 Our subject has always been a stanch
Republican and one of the most faithful work-
ers in the party.

Mr. Kitchell was married in May, 1882, to
Miss Lizzie Flood, of Vincennes. They have
one son and one daughter.

E. Yunghans.

Emil H. Younghans was born in Saxony, Ger-
many, Aug. 13, 1855. Came to America in
1871, to Vincennes in 1876, having spent the in-
tervening time at Terre Haute. Mr. Yunghans
learnted the trade of cigar maker in Germany
and established his factory here in the year
1876 in a small building on the present site of
the Vincennes Implement & Carriage Co.
In 1877 he removed to a building at 325 Main
Street, where he remained till 1883, when he
purchased the lot and erected and occupied
the building at present in use, at 409 Main.
Mr. Younghans employs an average of five
men in his factory and manufactures a num-
ber of popular brands of hi^h grade cigars, in-

cluding "Little Cubans," "No. 150," etc. He
also makes a number of private brands for Job-
bers and other dealers, in which line he has
quite an extensive and growing trade.

Mr. Younghans was married in 1878 to Miss
Julia Kolb, of Vincennes. They have a fam-
ily of ten children living.

H. S. Latshaw, D. D. S.

Dr. Henry S. Latshaw, dentist, was born at
Ottawa, Illinois, May 14, 1846, and when about
eight or nine years of
age removed with his
mother to Evansville,
Ind., where he attended
the public schools for a
time, ' but being com-
pelled by^circumstances
to support a widowed
molber and three
younger children, his
educational acquire-
ments are chiefly due
to his- own persevering
labors at leisure moments and the assistance
of a friend: At the age of 17 he took up the
study of dentistry under Dr. Isaiah Haas, of
Evans.ville, under whom he studied for seven
years, the kind-hearted doctor knowing the
stern necessities of his case, paying him a small
salary, contrary to the usual practice in such
cases, increasing it from time to time as his in-
creasing usefulness warranted. At the age of
twenty-two years Dr. Latshaw struck out for
himself, going to Carlisle, Ind., where he met
and on June 8, 1869, married Miss Nannie E..
Sullivan. The doctor continued to practice his-
profession with success 1 at Carlisle till 1881,
when he removed to Petersburg, Ind., where he
engaged in drug business, Having a half inter-
est in two stores. He was doing a prosperous
anfd promising business, when misfortune over-
took him and in a twinkling the accumulations
of years were wiped out by fire. About 1884
he came to Vincennes and for about ten months
was in charge of a drug store for W. A.
Markee, after which he again took up the prac-
tice of dentistry, which he has continued to the-
present time, building up a large practice,

Dr. Latshaw Is a member of a large number
of fraternal and beneficiary societies, in all of
which he is prominent. He is an Odd Fellow,
a Knight of Pythias, member of the Encamp-
ment, IT. R. K. P., Daughters of Rebecca, I. O.

146

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STOKY

R. M., A. O. U. W., Tribe of Ben Hur, The
Escenic Order and the Noble Order of Buffa-
loes, being a charter member of Herd No. 1,
and, as the doctor says, "last but not least, a
Prince of the Orient." He is P. C. and Rep.
of Dioscuri Lodge, No. 47, K. of P., and has held
the office of Master of Finance since Janiuary,
1893. Has been financier of Vincennes Lodge,
No. 29, A. O. U. W., since January, 1893, keeper
of the Wampum in I. O. R. M., since 1897. He
also held the office of keeper of tribute of Mal-
luch Court, T. B. H., one term, and is now drill
master of the degree team of that court.

Dr. and Mrs. Latshaw have two children liv-
ing, Mrs. A. J. Firnhaber, of Evansville, and
Frank H. Latshaw, of the city.

McJimsey's Opera House.

The Mc-Jimsey Opera House is the successor
of Green's Opera House, which was first built
in 1860 'by William
Green. The building
was burned in 1885 and
rebuilt by Mr. Green
the same year. The
property was bought by
J. T. McJimsey and
name changed, in 18s.">.
It has a seating capaci-
ty of 1250^ including the
balcony. The stage is
large $nd commodious'
being' 45x75 feet aOd fit-
ted with every modern convenience for the
proper staging of the drama and the conven- ;
ient shifting of scenery. The auditorium is ele-
gantly finished, decorated and furnished and its
acoustic properties are all that could be de-
sired.

The manager, Mr. Frank Greeru, is a veteran,
having been for twenty years manager of this
house, save during an interim of two years,
when he was a resident of Indianapolis. Mr.
<Jreen knows a good thing in the way of a
dramatic organization when) he sees it and
bears well in mind the demands of his patrons,
so that Vincennes has no dearth of that which
is really good in the way of entertainment.
Careful of a well earned and well established
ivputation for discernment and veracity in con-
n"ction with the stage, Mr. Green does not reck-
1 ssly advertise that as good which is in reality
in different and the patrons of McJimsey The-
ater have learned to rely with confidence on his

recommendations. No city of its size in the
United States enjoys a higher class of theatri-
cal performances than does Vincennes.

John Hack.

John Hack was born in Hesse Darmstadt in
1842. Came to this country with his parents
when five years of age.
settling at Adrian,
Mich., where our sub-
ject attended the
public schools, and
made his home until
1861, when he enlisted
in Company B, 47th
Ohio infantry, and was
mustered into the Unit-
ed States service June
15, 1861, and remained
in! the service till
Aug. 20, 1864. While engaged in running the
rebel blockade at Vicksburg, May 3, 1863, Mr.
Hack, with his command, was captured and
lay in Libby prison until Oct. 14, when he was
exchanged and rejoined his regiment two days
before the battle of Missionary Ridge, in which
he participated. From here his regiment went
to the relief of Burnside at Knoxville, winter-
ing at Chattanooga. In the Atlanta campaign,
which followed, Mr. Hack's command was in
more than a dozen battles during the ensuing
six months. He was mustered out before At-
lanta, Aug. 2, 1864, after three years and two
months' service. Returning to Adrian, Mich.,
he jwrent to work in a machine shop and fol-
lowed his trade for a number of years. In
1876 he came to Vincennes as foreman of the
old O. & M. round house, where he remained
eleven years. During this time he served four
years, 1885-89, in the City Council, from the
Fifth Ward. On the building of the water
works Mr. Hack erected the machinery and
served as engineer for a time. He then ac-
cepted a position as foreman of the machine
shops of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific
Railroad, at Trenton, Mo., where he remained
eleven years, returning to Vincennies in October,
1900, to embark in the oil business. He is pro-
prietor and manager of the Vincennes Oil Co.,
which is doing a lively and growing business at
wholesale and retail.

Mr. Hack was married Oct. 24, 1864. to Miss
Dell F. Cooli\v. of Adrian, Mich. They have
two daughters and onte son.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

147

Frank Lieberman.

Frank Lieberinan was born in Cincinnati,
Ohio, July 1, 1854, and was educated in the
schools of that city and those of Evansville, to
which place his parents removed when) he was
eleven years of age. He there learned the
trade of bookbinder, which he followed for six
or seven years. In 1875 he came to Vincennes
and established himself in business as book-
binder and stationer, first at 403 Main Street,

.
soon after removing to 504 Main, where he

remained eight years, removing to his present
location, 500 Main, in 1884. In addition to
stationery Mr. Lieberman deals in pictures and
frames and kindred specialties. His bindery,
which turns out a large variety of first-class'
work, is often taxed to its utmost capacity tor
meet the demands made upon it.

Mr. Lieberman was married in 1881 to Miss?
Sarah. Kapps, of Vincennes. They have one
son living and one daughter dead.

Wm. Davidson.

William Davidson, booka and stationery, 425
Main Street, was born in County Antrim, Ire-
land, Oct. 24, 1833. After receiving a good edu-
cation in the schools of that county he learned
the jeweler's trade and with his widowed
mother anid brother, when in his twentieth
year, he came to America, locating in Darke,
one of the Western Reserve counties, Ohio. He
worked at his trade for a time at Sidney. Ohio,
and then, after spending some time in travel,
took an engagement with the firm, of Clayton
& Jenkins, of Cincinnati, the largest wholesale
jewelers in the West at that time. Here he re-
mained two years and then came west on a call
to Princeton, Ills., where he worked at his
trade for about one year. From there he went
to Oskaloosa, Iowa, arriving there by stage in
March, 1856. Here he remained till February
of the following year, when he decided to turn
with the tide to Kansas. He embarked in busi-
ness at Leavenworth, Kansas, where he had a
flourishing trade for over seven years. Mr.
Davidson relates that he became a citizen of
that state, and there cast his first vote, which
was done viva voce. In 1864 he disposed of
his business there and, finding himself pos-
sessed of a goodly sum of money, looked about
for a time and finally decided to locate in Vin-
cennes. On Oct. 24. 1864, the 31st anniversary
of his birth, he bought a book and news business

which had been established at 217 Main Street.
After a short time he removed to No. 207 Main
Street. Two or three years later he rented
the store at No. 314 Main Street, where he con-
tinued in busintess something like thirty years,
until Jan. 1, 1901, when he removed to his pres-
ent location, No. 425 Main, where he handles a
general line of school and miscellaneous books,
school supplies, blankbooks, stationery, etc.,
and in addition conducts a general news
agency, handling the dailies and all the stand-
ard magazines and periodicals.

Mr. Davidson was married, Jan. 17, 1865, to
Miss Mary E. Piquett, of Cincinnati, who de-
parted this life on the 2d day of October, 1901,
leaving two daughters.

CITY OFFICERS.
George E. Greene, Mayor.

George E. Greene, mayor of the city, was born
and reared in Vincennes. His father, George
E. Greene, bought the
Western Sun in 1854,
and continued to pub-
lish it until his death, in
1870. Mr. Greene at-
tended the public
schools and also St.
John's College, Dayton.
Ohio, and Cecilian Col-
lege, near Elizabeth-
town, Ky. He entered
the office of the "Sun"
in 1873, where he

learned the trade of compositor, which he fol-
lowed in Vincennes, varying it with reportorial
and editorial work, until 1882, when he accepted
a position on the Courier-Journal of Louisville.
Ky. Here he remained one year. Returning
to Vincennes he was engaged in newspaper
work until 1886,- when! he was elected city
clerk, and to this office he was twice re-elected.
In 1894 Mr. Greene was elected mayor of the
City of Vincennes and re-elected in 1898, being
now in the eighth year of his service as mayor.
Mr. Greene is an able man and has made a con-
servative an'd safe chief magistrate, while at
all times ready to do whatever may be done
for the advancement of the interests of the city.

148

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Photo by Shores

Thomas Eastham, Treasurer.

Thomas Eastham was born in Nelson County,
Ky., February 25, 1835. After leaving the pub-
lic schools of Bardstown he attended
St. Joseph College, of the same place.
His father was engaged in the stage
business, conducting a line from Louis-
ville to St. Louis, via Vincennes, and
after leaving school our subject identi-
fied his interests with those of his
father. Vtacennes being the half-way
point and therefore a convenient one
for headquarters, they removed to this
place in 1851. They conducted a daily
line, one coach arriving, one departing
every twenty-four hours from each end
of the line. The time to St. Louis was
thirty-six hours, frequent changes of
horses being made at relays of ten or
twelve miles each, along the route.
This business was continued till 1838,
when the O. & M. Railroad going into
operation rendered it unprofitable. It
required no less than 300 horses to
meet the demands of the line. Messrs.
Eastham & Son subsequently conduct-
ed a livery business for a- time and
then embarked in the lumber business,
having large saw and planing mills to
which was later added a furniture
factory. Mr. Isaac N. Eastham, fath-
er of our subject aind senior member
of the firm, dying in 1868, the latter
continued the business some thirteen
years longer, till 1891, when it was dis-

and at McKendree College, of Lebanon, 111. He
became a teacher and taught in the schools of
Illinois for a period of four years, after which

continued and property sold to the O. & M.
Railroad, whose freight depot was erected on
its site.

Mr. Eastham then retired to 'his farm near
the city, where he remained till the year 1896.
In the spring of 1897 he was elected treasurer
of the city, which office lie still holds and to
which he has been renominated by the Demo-
cratic Party in the pending campaign.

Mr. Eastham was married in 1801 to Miss
Jane Burnet, of Vincennes. They have four
children.

Daniel Bonner, President Met. Police Bd.

Daniel L. Bonner was born at Montfort,
Grant County, Wisconsin, March 12, 1856. He
was educated in the public schools of Carlyle,
Illinois, to which place his father had removed,

CITY HALL-Built J886, Fourth and Main

he came to Vincennes and was for one year
book-keeper at the Atlas Mills. He was then
book-keeper five years for E. Bierhaus & Sons,
wholesale grocers, subsequently traveling one
year for the same firm. He then became a
traveling salesman for Hulman & Co., import-
ers and jobbers, of Terre Haute, and has since
continued in that connection. He is also large-
ly engaged in the general merchandise busi-
ness, owning and conducting a store at Decker,
Knox County, and another at Hazelton, Gibson
County, Indiana.

Mr. Bonner has always been a staunch and
uncompromising Republican in politics and a
worker in behalf of the party principles. He
has on several occasions been pressed forward
by his frienids for high political preferment, be-
ing strongly endorsed for Bank Examiner in

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

149

1896, and in 1898 came within one and one-half
votes of being the Republican nominee for Con-
gress, Judge Gardner, of Washington, having
won the nomination by that narrow margin.
His merit was in some degree recognized by

<Gov. Durbin. who in 1901 appointed him metro-
politan police commissioner for three years.
On the organization of the board Mr. Bonner
was elected chairman and has continued to
hold that position to the present time.

Mr. Bonner was married in 1877 to Miss Ara-
tine Ludington. of Cleveland. Ohio. They have
one son, Leonard, who is manager of the Hazel-
ton store, and two daughters. Miss Anne Lucile,
now in college, and Miss Clara Bernice, at
home.

(For biographies of Messrs. Gardner and Tin-
dolph, the other members of the board, see un-
der business heads elsewhere.)

Thomas L Robertson, late Capt. Police.

Thos. Robertson was born in Vincennes, Nov.
4, 1854, and attended the schools of this city.
After leaving school he worked for a time on
a farm. He then learned the printer's trade,
working at the case for some nine years. In
1888 he became riding deputy sheriff under
Dr. McDowell. This position he resigned after
two years to become deputy city marshal under
Frank Johnson, in November. 1890. This posi
tion he filled most acceptably for over seven
years, when he was. in 1898. elected to the of-

flrst term in this office when, by the passage
of the metropolitan police law, the office was
abolished and he was by the commissioners
made captain on the new force, May 1, 1901.
Captain Robertson has a clean record as a po-
lice officer, being sober, active, fearless and ef-
ficient, and deserves well at the hands of the
appointing power. The captain is the regular
Democratic nominee for city clerk in the ensu-
ing May election.

Captain Robertson was married in 1880 to
Miss Emma Sellers. They have three daugh-
ters.

(Since the above was written, Captain Rob-
ertson has resigned the captaincy and is making
the race for city clerk with strong prospects of
election.)

Ayers J. Taylor.

Ayers J. Taylor was born in Jassamine Coun-
ty, Kentucky, Oct. 5, 1849. His father, who
was a slave-holder, dis-
posed of his slaves and
other property and re-
moved to Boone Coun-
ty, Indiana, in 1854, and
here the son was reared
and educated. In 1863,
at the age of 14 years,
he enlisted in the 116th
Indiana Volunteers and
served thence to the
close of the war of the
Rebellion, having twice
re-enlisted, and seeing some hard service. His
first active service was in the campaign for the
repulsion of Morgan from Indiana. After the
war Mr. Taylor was for nineteen years con-
nected with a circus and with it visited every
section of the union. He came to Vincennes in
1890. After tending bar for some years he
embarked in saloon 1 business for himself in
1895. In 1896 Mr. Taylor became an independ-
ent candidate for member of the City Council
from the First Ward, but was defeated by a
small plurality. In 1898 he was the regular
Democratic nominee by almost two to one ma-
jority, and was elected by a majority of thirty-
eight votes in the election a few weeks later,
im a ward that had been very close in previous
elections. In the council Mr. Taylor is always
active, energetic and eloquent in advocacy of
measures which meet his approval, and often

fice of marshal. He was in the midst of his A takes the initiative in important legislation.

150

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Mr. Taylor was married in 1880 to Miss Hul-
da Carr, of Providence, R. I.

Jere Hershey, City Engineer.

Jere Hershey was born in Martinsburg, Pa.,
Oct. 15, 1839. He moved with his parents to
Wabash County, Illinois, when a small boy,
and received his edu-
cation in the schools of
that county. For ten
years Mr. Hershey
taught in the schools of
Wabash and Lawrence
Counties 111., and Knox
County, Ind., coming
to Vincennes in 1865.
He was one year with
Chas. S. Kabler, civil
engineer, and then be-
came county surveyor
for one year. In May, 1871, he. was elected
city engineer and has held the office continuous-
ly since that date, having been many times re-
.elected. His official services have given emi-
nent satisfaction.

Mr. Hershey was in 1863 married to Miss
Martha J. Jackmam, of St. Francisville, 111.
They have one son living, Mr. Joseph B. Her-
slit'V, civil engineer, Vimcennes, and who was
for six years county surveyor of Kuox County.

TOWNSHIP OFFICERS.
Frank Horsting, Trustee.

Frank Horsting was born at Coefield, near
Munster, Westphalia, Prussia, January 31, 1831.
He came to this coun-
try with his parents
when fourteen years of
age. They took ship at
the port of Bremer-
haven in a sailing ves-
sel and were exactly
eight months on the
sea, arriving at the port
of New Orleans. Soon
after landing they came
to Vincennes, where
he has since resided.
His father located on a farm near the city and
Frank worked ?t various occupations, including
six months 5m a tan yard conducted by John C.
Holland. He finally learned the trade of shoe-
maker, which he followed for eighteen years.

He then embarked in saw mill business on the-
river front at the site of Harrison Park in Vin-
cennes. This he continued for some years and
then formed a partnership in the grocery busi-
ness with Chas. G. Mathesie, under the firm
name of Mathesie fc Horsting. They were lo-
cated at 205 Main Street. After about two and
one-half years, Mr. Horsting bought his part-
ner's interest. He continued the business for
about seven years till 1884, when he sold the
grocery and went into boot and shoe business,
which he continued for two years. In 1886 Mr.
Horsting was elected trustee of Vincennes
Township and served four years in this capaci-
ty. He then engaged in the lumber business,
which he conducted for four years. At the end,
-of that time he closed this out and became a
salesman in the grocery store of John Burke,
and after the death of Mr. Burke he managed
the store for^Vlrs. Burke until it was sold to
Wm. Tromley in 1900. In November, 1900, Mr.
Horsting was again elected trustee of Vin-
cennes Township, the duties of which office
now occupy his time and attention.

Mr. Horsting was married in 1856 to Miss
Mary A Knirihn. They have nine children liv-
ing and two dead.

Edward Weisert, J. P.

Edward Weisert was born in kingdom of
Wurtemberg, Germany, July 21, 1839. He wa
educated at Heilbronn
Government School.
Came to this country
with two sisters, in
1857, when 18 years of
age. Landing in New
York, they were met by
Charles M. Weisert, a
brother, who had pre-
ceded them and who-
was already located in
Vincennea, where they
soon after joined him.

After about a month Edward departed for New
Orleans. La., where he found employment and'
where he remained until the capture of the citj
by the government forces in 1863. Here he
was a member of the French Legion, a home-
guard organized for the protection of the city
in case of a negro uprising. Colonel Reauch-
ereaux. After the capitulation of New Or-
leans, Mr. Wt'isert took ship for New York,
but the vessel was pressed into service of the-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

151

government as a dispatch boat and sent to Key
West and other points, greatly extending the
voyage. Finally reaching New York, he re-
mained there three years, two of which were
spent in the Cooper Institute. He then spent
one year in the oil regions of Pennsylvania as
superintendent of wells for a large New York
oil company. In 18(30 he returned to Vincennes,
where he has since resided. He was engaged
in general merchandise and lumber business;
was also largely interested in agriculture, own-
ing and conducting four farms. lu 1887 Mr.
Weisert engaged in real estate and loans, which
business he has followed to the present time.
In the summer of 1901 he was appointed a jus-
tice of the peace.

Mr. Weisert was in 18(37 married to Miss Eliz-
abeth Gerard, of New Orleans, La., who de-
parted this life Feb. 2(5, 1901. They had ten
children, of whom seven are living.

E. A. Baecher, J. P.

Engelbert A. Baecher was born in Bavaria,
June 22, 1845, and educated at the seminary of
Eichstaedt, a government school, a certificate
of graduation from which entitled the holder to
a position in the government service for life.

Being graduated at the age of 18 years, he en-
tered the government service, but after one and
a half years' service decided to come to Amer-
ica. Reaching our hospitable shores in 1865,
he decided to take a course of instruction in one

of our schools, and accordingly entered St. Vin-
cent's College, Pennsylvania, where he passed
the first year's work and was graduated in
18(37. He taught three years in the schools of
York, Pa., coming thence to Louisville, Ky.,
where he was principal of the Third Ward
school for six years. From Louisville Mr.
Baecher came to Vinc-ennes and was for five
years principal of the German Catholic schools.
Was then for one season superintendent for the
Western Mining Co. In 1881 Professor Baecher
erected the brick store at the corner of Sixth
and Main Streets, adding 'the remainder of
Baecher Block in 1895.

Prof. Boecher was editor and proprietor of the
Vincennes Post, published in both English and
German, from 1892 to 1898.

Feb. 10, 1899, Prof. Boecher was appointed
justice of the peace, an office which he h%s con-
tinued to fill most satisfactorily to the present
time. He has made a record which has never
been equaled in the county and probably not In
the state. Of more than 1,300 cases heard and
decided in his court, the squire has the satis-
faction of knowing there have been biit sixteen
appeals from his decisions and of the cases ap-
pealed, not one has been reversed in the higher
courts.

In the midst of a very busy life Squire
Baecher has found time to cultivate a musical
talent far above the average. He has produced
more than 200 musical compositions, both vocal
and instrumental, of a high order of merit.

Mr. Baecher was married at York, Pa., to
Miss Mary E. Pheffer, on the 14th day of
August, 1871, and they celebrated their thirtieth
anniversary (or as the squire jocosely says, "the
thirty years' war") in August, 1901. They have
four sons and two daughters.

COUNTY OFFICERS.
Louis C. Summit, Sheriff.

Louis C. Summit, sheriff of Knox County, was
born in this county Sept. 19, 1801. Educated in
the schools of the county, he remained on
the farm on which he was born and
reared, having bought the interests of
the other heirs after his father's death, con-
ducting the business till the year 1898. when ho
bought the Green livery stable on Broadway,
between) First and Second Streets, and re-
moved to the city. This he conducted till 1000.

152

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

The campaign for the Democratic nomination
for the shrievalty in the spring of 1900 was
hotly contested, there being no less than six
candidates in the field.
Mr. Summit was nom-
inated by a good plural-
ity and was duly elect-
ed to the office in No-
vember following. He
has always been a
stanch Democrat of the
Jacksonian type. So
ardent is his admira-
tion of "Old Hickory"
that his first son was
named for the doughty
old hero.

Mr. Summit was married Nov. 16, 1887, to
Miss Mattie Traylor, of Petersburg. They have
two children.

James F. Lewis, County Clerk.

James F. Lewis was born in Pauquier Coun-
ty, Virginia, July 29, 1853. When he was 12
years of age he took up
his residence with a sis-
ter in St. Louis and re-
ceived the principal
part of his education in
the schools of that city.
After leaving sc'hool
Mr. Lewis learned tele-
graphy, which he fol-
lowed, for fifteen years,
largely on the L., E. &
St. L. Railroad, of
which he became cash-
ier and paymaster. This position he resigned
in 1882 and became book-keeper for Joseph
Pollock, of the Broadway Mills, in Vincennes.
After Mr. Pollock's death, Mr. Lewis succeeded
to a partnership in the business, the firm being
composed of Dawsou Blackmore. of Cincinnati;
Thomas Borrowman. of Vincennes: J. C. Me
Kinzie, of Montgomery, Ala., and Mr. Lewis,
under the firm name of Blackmore & Co. In
18!)2 Mr. Lewis retired from the mill, but con-
tinued to deal in 1 grain till in February, 1899,
when he entered upon the duties of the office
of clerk of Knox County, to which he had been
elected in November. 1898. Mr. Lewis was
married. Feb. 3, 1873, to Miss Elizabeth Pol-
lock, of Vincennes. They have one son, Harry

II. Lewis, of the firm of Daily & Lewis, attor-
neys.

James D. Williams, Auditor.

James D. Williams was born on a farm in
Harrison Township, Kn>ox County, Aug. 25,
1863. After leaving the
public schools he at-
tended Purdue Univer-
sity for several years,
taking a special course.
He engaged :n farming,
which he has continued
to the present time,
though, of course, since
his election to office, he
has resided in the citf.
Mr. Williams is a
breeder of short-horn

cattle and Poland China hogs and has s,qme of
the highest prize winners in the United States.
Mr. Williams has always been a staa^i-and
consistent Democrat. He is a grand sqn of
Hon. James D. Williams, who was governor of
the state, 1877-1891, dying just before /the, ex-
piration of his term of office.

Mr. Williams was married in September, ^885,
to Miss Martha A. Nicholson, of Steen Bpwn-
ship, Kuox County. They have five sons and
one daughter.

Charles A. Weisert, Treasurer.;

Charles A. Weisert was born in Vincennes on
the seventh day of January, 1860. He was
educated in the city
schools of Vincenues
and was graduated
from the St. Louis Uni-
versity in June, 1878.
He was first employed
as book-keeper for his
father, Mr. C. A. Weis-
ert, wholesale grocer
and pork packer. After
the death of the latter,
in 1880, lie became time-
keeper for constructors

of Toledo, Cincinnati and St. Louis,, and later
for the Chicago, Springfield & St. Louis Rail-
road. Subsequently for ten months he was en-
gaged on the coast and geodetic siii'vey, in the
employ of the united States' . government.
The appropriation for this work having been
exhausted and the work ceasing. Mr. Weisert

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

153

turned his attention to the business of expert
book-keeper and accountant. In November,
1891, he was appointed deputy auditor of Knox
County, under C. H. DeBolt, which position he
held for four years. During the year 1896 Mr.
Weisert was clerk of the Democratic State Cen-
tral Committee, to the duties of which position
he devoted almost his entire time. On the
election of W. H. Vollmer to the treasurership,
in 1896, Mr. Weisert was made deputy treas-
urer of Knox County, wliich position he held
until he succeeded to the office of treasurer, to
which he was chosen at tke election of 1900.

Mr. SVeisert was married, Oct. 17, 1893, to
Miss Julia O'Daniel, of Owensboro, Ky. They
have one son.

Dr. Henry W. Held, Coroner.

Dr. Henry W. Held, coroner of Knox County,
was bora in Vincennes, July 30, .1870. He was
educated in the schools
of the city and attended
Ohio Medical College, of
Cincinnati, from which
he was graduated in
1894, entering on the
practice in Vincennes
soon thereafter. Dr.
Held is a Democrat in
politics and was elected
coroner on the Demo-
cratic ticket in 1898 and
re-elected in 1900.
Dr. Held was married in June, 1895, to Miss
Amelia Buschiflg, of Vincennes. They have one
daughter.

Peter Phillippe, Superintendent Schools.

Peter Pbillippe, county superintendent of
schools, was born on a farm near Bicknell,
Knox County, March 6,
1863. Was principally
educated In the schools
of Bickn'ell. Became a
teacher in the schools
of Knox County, and
followed that occupa-
tion for a period of
eight years. He was
elected superintendent
of schools in June, 1891,
and re-elected in 1899,
having held over in
1895 and '07. bv failure of the board to elect.

Mr. Phillippe is a thorough and accomplished
educator and has devoted his time and talents
to the schools of the county, to their great ad-
vantage.

Mr. Philippe was married, May 15, 1897, to
Miss Lettie A. Heuring. They have tive
children.

John M. Stork, Assessor.

John M . Stork was born in Knoz County, near
Petersburg, Sept 12, 1863. He attended school
in Petersburg, and also attended the Central
Normal School at Dan-
ville. He became a
teacher in the schools
of Knox County and
was so engaged for six
years. In 1896, Mr.
Stork was elected as-
sessor, and came to the
city the following
spring to enter upon
the discharge of his of-
ficial duties. In June,
1898, Mr. Stork bought
the interest of Robert Mayfield in the abstract
business of Pennington and Mayfield, and has
since been actively connected therewith.

Mr. Stork was married, Se^t. 13, 1893, to Miss
Anna Garner, of Keensburg, 111. They have
three children.

Frank P. Emison, Recorder.

Frank P. Em\son was born< May 20, 1864, and
reared on a farm in Palmyra Township, Knox
County, Ind., and was
educated in the schools
of that township and at
Vincennes University.
On leaving school. Mr.
Emison returned to the
farm, wliere he con-
tinued to reside until
after his election to the
office of recorder of
deeds, in 1898. Mr.
Emison has always
been a consistent advo-
cate of the doctrines of Democracy and a work-
er in the councils of the party, and as a reward
for his services was. as already intimated,
elected to the office of recorder of Knox Coun-
tv in 1898. an office whose duties he has dls-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

charged to the entire satisfaction of his consti-
tuents of all parties.

Mr. Emisou was, in 1894, married to Miss
Mattie Root, of Vincennes, but a happy life of
four years was rudely broken wfren' death
claimed Mrs. Emison on the 28th day of May,
1898.

John E. Rogers, Surveyor.

John E. Rogers, surveyor of Knox County,
was born in Rush County, Ind., April 27, 1860.
When he was eight years of age his parents re-
moved to Edwardsport,
where he attended the
public schools. He also
attended the high
school of Washington,
Ind. He subsequently
attended the Normal
School at Danville, Ind.,
taking a thorough teach-
er's course. Mr. Rog-
ers became a teacher in
the schools of the
county, teaching six-
teen terms. In 1895 he embarked in the cloth-
ing business, which he continued till elected
surveyor in 1898. In his early youth Mr. Rog-
ers had a fondness for mathematics and took
up the study of surveying when 14 years of
age, devoting more or less time to it during the
years spent in the school room.

Mr. Rogers was married in 1893 to Miss Lula
Hill, of Lawrence County, Illinois. They have
two children.

W. H. Pennington, County Attorney.

William H. Pennington was born in Palmyra
Township, Knox County, Ind., June 18, 1855.
He was educated in the schools of Vincennes
and in the State Normal School at Terre Haute.
He taught school for ten years in Knox County,
devoting his leisure time to reading law un-
der direction of Cobb & Cobb. He was elected
county superintendent of schools in 1883, and
served four years in that capacity. In 1887
Mr. Pennington embarked with E. B. Milam in
a book and stationery business, under the firm
name of Milam & Pennington. This he dis-
posed of at the end of two years, and in "1892
entered on the 1 practice of law, which he has
continued to the present time, combining with
it an abstract business, which has reached large
proportions. Mr. Pennington has always been

a Democrat, and since 1890 has been chairman
of the County Central Committee of his party.
He has served as county attorney since 1897.
Mr. Penuingtpn was married Aug. 21, 1880, to
Miss Annie C. Shively, of Edwardsport, Ind.
They have three children.

Frederick Samonial, President Board of
Commissioners.

Fred Samoniel was bom in Floyd Co., Ind. r
Dec. 31, 1839. When Fred was seven yeirs or
of age his father re-
moved ' to Louisville,
where he grew to man-
hood and where he was
educated. He learned
the trade of harness
maker which he follow-
ed for some years. In
the fall of 1858 he re-
moved with his father
to Mt. Carmel, ill.,
where his father estab-
lished a tannery. Fred

didn't take kindly to the tannery amd accord-
ingly followed various occupations for some
years, including stage driving for more than
a year. Subsequently he spent some time in
Evansville, ooming to Vincennes in 1863. His
first employment here was as a teamster,
which occupation he followed for about a
year. He then for about the same length of
time drove cattle for a firm of government
beef contractors. He was" then employed as
driver for 1 the Adams Express Co. for a year
and by the American Express Co. for about
the same time. In 1870 he became superin-
tendent of teams for Frank Fay, who did a
general transfer business. This position he
held for five years. In 1876 he established
himself in the transfer business in which he
has since been engaged. In 1882 he was elect-
ed trustee of Vincennes township and ^e-elect-
ed in 1884, serving till 1887. In that year he
embarked in the coal business in which hy is
still engaged. In 1894 he was elected county
commissioner and has served continuously
since that time. Mr. Samoniel has always been
a consistent Democrat. He is a. member of the
Catholic Church.

Mr. Samoniel was, on February 13, 1873, mar-
ried to Miss Bridget Quinn. They have four
children.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

155

Henry Frederick, Commissioner.

Henry Frederick was born Oct. 2, 1837, in
Washington township, Knox County, Indiana,
where he attended the public schools. He re-
mained under the parental root' until twenty-
three years of age, when he bought land nar
his father's farm and embarked in business for
himself. On this farm he continued to reside
until 1895, when he returned to Bruceville,
where he now resides. Mr. Frederick was a
successful farmer and succeeded in providing
a comfortable competency for his declining
years. He was elected County Commissioner
in 1898 and re-elected in 1900. He had pre-
viously served as trustee of Washington town-
ship.

Mr. Frederick was married, in 1861, to Miss
Mary E. Hollingsworth, who died in 1894. He
has two children.

John W. McGowen. Commissioner.

John W. McGowen was born in Gibson Coun-
ty, Ind., December 10, 1849. His father became
a citizen of Knox County and young John at-
tended the public schools of this county. His
parents both dying when he was quite small,
he was reared an orphan among strangers.
But John had in him the metal that makes a
way for its possessor, and, notwithstanding
the difficulties under which he labored he was
able in 1877 to buy a farm in Johnson Town-
ship, on which he has since resided, making a
comfortable living. In 1890 he was elected
trustee of Johnson Township and held that of-
fice for five years. He was elected County
Commissioner iai 1898. He has always been a
Democrat in politics.

Mr. McGowen was married in 1877 to Miss
Ella G. Berdlow. They have four children.

NEWSPAPERS, PRINTERS AND PUB-
LISHERS.

Daily and Weekly Commercial.

The Vinceimes Weekly - Commercial was
established in 1878 by S. F. Horrall & Sons,
formerly of Washington, Irid., who moved here
and established a republican newspaper. The
Commercial was quite a success from the start,
and in 1880 the Horralla established the Daily
Commercial.

This paper had an active career during the
presidential campaign in 1880. In 1881 the
entire plant was sold to the Commercial Print-
ing Co., a stock company organized of the lead-
ing republicans of Knox County, and the
Messrs. Horrall retired from the field.

The new company took charge in February,
1881, and continued the publication of the Com-
mercial until April, 1882, when the plant was
sold to Thomas H. Adams, the present proprie-
tor, who has been sole owner and publisher
ever since.

The Commercial is issued in three editions,
Daily, Weekly and Sunday. Shortly after Mr.
Adams as'sumed control, the ; Sunday edition
was started and has been in successful opera-
tion since.

The Commercial is recognized by the frater-
nity everywhere as one of the most successful
county seat newspapers in Indiana. It has a
good, substantial circulation, and is the Repub-
lican organ of Knox County.

There have been republican newspapers pub-
lished in Vincennes at various times for over
a half a century. During the war the repub-
lican organ was the Vincennes Daily Gazette.
This paper was published for a great many
years until Jts proprietors sold it to those who
changed its name and afterwards published it
as an independent newspaper.

In the 70s the republicans were without an
organ for several years, until the establishing
of the Vincennes Commercial in 1880 by Mr.
Horrall. Since that time the republicans have
had in the Commercial an active, energetic and
aggressive organ.

Thomas H. Adams.

Thomas Henry Adams, publisher and pro-
prietor of the Vincennes Daily and Weekly
Commercial and post-
master of Vincennes,
was born at the little
town of Grand Rapids,
on the Auglaize River,
in Paulding County,
Ohio, July 19, 1860. His
father, Rev. Josiah Ad-
ams, was of English
birth and was in the
forties married to Miss
Elizabeth Wykes, of
Norttiamptonshire,Eng-
land, soon afterwards coming to America.

156

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AJSD STORY

Rev. Adams became a member of the Northern
Ohio M. E. Conference and was engaged in the
ministerial work in the bounds of this confer-
eiice at the date of his death, in 1865.

Thomas H.. on account of the limited re-
sources of tiie family, was early compelled to
leave school and seek employment to assist }n
the support of his widowed mother. He en-
tered a printing office, where a natural aptitude
.and that energy and pluck which have charac-
terized him in later life and enabled him to
-triumph over difficulties that would have con-
quered a less resolute spirit, came to his assist-
.ance and he advanced rapidly in his calling.
At the age of sixteen he published a small
weekly paper at the town of Edwardsport, in
Knox County Ind. Later he became editor and
publisher of the Lancaster Free Press and Re-
publican, at Lancaster, Ohio. Here he met
with reasonable success and, in 1882, purchased
the Vincennes Daily and Weekly Commercial,
becoming a resident of the city. Though its
field in the beginning was a liimted one and its
.struggle for an existence in a democratic
stronghold was a hard one, he was equal to the
occasion, and now has one of the best news-
paper properties in the state.

In addition to his newspaper, Mr. Adams is
largely interested in a number of other busi-
ness enterprises of. considerable magnitude, in-
cluding a popular proprietary medicine line. He
has for a number of years been a member of
the board of trustees of Vincenrnes University
.and is a trustee of the First M. E. Church of
the city; was during the year 1901-2 president
of the Pastime Club, the leading club of the
city.

Though always active in politics and a lead-
ing member of the local committees, and at
different times of the state committees, he has
never been a seeker after political preferment,
and has never held any public office until ap-
pointed postmaster by President McKinley, in
1897. He was in 1901 reappointed and con-
tinues to hold that office. He was chairman of
the Republican Congressional Committee of
the Second District in 1888 and 1890. He was
also a member of the advisory board of -the Re-
publican State Committee in 1898 and 1900.

Mr. Adams was, in October, 1879, married to
Miss Irene, daughter of J. Thornton Willis, of
Knox County. They have one son, Chester
TV., who will this year be graduated from Cul-

ver Military Academy, and one daughter, Miss
Dola.

Daily and Weekly Sun.

The Western Sun proudly dates its origin
back' to the early days of the 19th century,
when, in 1804, Elihu Stout, a young man of
energy and capability, transported an outfit on
pack mules from Frankfort, Ky., and on July
4, of that year, issued his first edition of the
"Indiana Gazette." Mr. Stout in 1807 lost his
plant by fire and the paper was for a short time
suspended, but, a new plant 'having been pro-
cured,, it again appeared on the fourth of July,
1807, as the "Western Sum" Mr. Stout's con-
nection with the paper continued, with the ex-
ception of one year, until 1845, when it was
sold to John R. Jones, Mr. Jones and his
brother William continued the publication till
1849, wnen it was for a time suspended. It
was resuscitated under the name of "Jones'
Vinceunes Sentinel." It soon afterward be-
came the "Indiana Patriot, in the hands of
James J. Mayes. Later it again changed own-
ers and became the "Vincennes Courant." In
1856 the plant was- purchased by George E.
Greene, a practical newspaper man, who re-
vived the original name and soon placejd it on
a paying basis and continued its publication
till his deatb, in 1870. ( In that year, by admin-
istrator's sale, the paper became the property
of Gen. R. C. Kise, who, with Dr. Andrew J.
Thomas, continued its publication till tihe death
of Gen. Kise, in 1873, when it passed into the
hands of Dr. Alfred Paton, by whom, three
years later, it was sold to Royal E. Purcell,
who has since owned and conducted it with
marked success. The Daily Edition of the Sun
was established by Mr. Purcell in 1879. The
Western Sun- is a seven-column, eight-page
paper and the daily a seven-column, four-page
paper. It occupies a three-story brick building
at 119 Main Street, owned by the proprietor.

Royal E. Purcell. .

Royal E. Purcell was born in Knox County,
Ind., July 26, 1849, both parents likewise being
natives of this county, his grand-parents having
immigrated from Virginia. After leaving the
public schools Mr. Purcell taught in the schools
of the county for a time and afterwards attend-
ed Hanover College, from which school he was
graduated in the year 1874. taking the degree
B. Sc., receiving the degree of A. M. in 1883.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

He studied law for a time, but his purchase
of the Western Sun in 1876 led him into the
journalistic profession, so that he has since de-
voted his entire time to that line of work and
with eminent success. Publishing a leading
organ of his party (Democratic), Mr. Purcell
has of necessity been' high in its councils and
was in 1898 elected to the state senate. In the
senate he was an untiring worker and was
largely instrumental in securing tne passage of

a number of bills, among them the bill to re-
imburse the Vincennes University for funds
diverted from it to state uses. The bill was,
however, subsequently vetoed by Governor
Mount, was again introduced at the session of
1900 and passed the Senate but failed in the
House.

Mr. Purcell was a member of the City Board
of Education, 1891-3, and is a member of the
Board of Trustees of Vincennes University,
also of Hanover College. He was in 1883 a
member of the World's Fair Board for Indiana.
He was chosen a member of the executive com-
mittee of the National Editorial Association,
and president of the Indiana Editorial Asso-
ciation in 1899. He was postmaster at Vin-
cennes in 1893-97.

Mr. Purcell has been twice married: first to
Miss Mary Pidgeon, of the cuy, who died in
1880. In December, 1886, he was married to
Miss Georgie Wise, of the city. They have
five children.

W. B. Purcell.

William B. Purcell, son of William and
Sophia (Beckes) Purcell, was born in Knox
County. He attended,
the common schools
during winter and
worked on the farm
during summer months.
Later he taught school.
He was married to-
Miss Mary D. McCord,
of Vincennes, in Au-
gust, 1874. He located
on a farm and con-
tinued with marked
success in this business

till 1886, when he moved to Vincennes to ac-
cept the business management of the Vincennes
"Sun," a position he still retains. Mrs. Purcell
died July 24, 189 1. Mr. Purcell's family con-
sists of four daughters, Misses Mabel, Robert-
ine, Delia anld Mary. Two children died in
infancy.

Aside from his duties in the management of
a newspaper, Mr. Purcell is extensively en-
gaged in farming, owns a large area of fine
farming land in the vicinity of this city and
drives out weekly to look after his landed in-
terests, all of which he manages in a practical
and profitable way.

Daily and Weekly Capital.

The Vincennes Weekly "Capital" was estab-
lished by George M. Cook in the spring of 1899,
its first edition bearing date February 24, and
was issued from 207 Main Street. Early in
the following year Mr. Cook formed a stock
company with an authorized capital of ten
thousand dollars and interesting a number of
prominent citizens of the county, began the
publication of the Daily "Capital," an evening
paper, of which the first edition was issued on
the 26th of February, 1900. The capital had
much to contend with m making Its way into
the esteem of the people of Vincetfnes, but the
manager, Mr. Cook, succeeded in placing his
paper on n. sure fixating, where it is a recog-
nized force in the business affairs of the city
and countj. On the fifth of March the Capital
became the property of a company composed
of Perry D. Green, Frank W. Curtis and John
R. Du Kate, who have been connected with it
in editorial and reportorical capacities, Mr.
Curtis since its inception.

158

VIXCEXXES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Perry D. Green.

Perry D. Green was born in Vincennes, Ind.,
Aug. 2, 1876, and was educated . in the Vin-
cennes University. Inl 1894 he-removed to In-
dianapolis and in 1895 accepted a position in
the clerical department of the Western Union

Telegraph Company. In this department he
held several positions. Mr. Green resigned
July G, 1901, and two days later associated him-
self with the Vincennes Capital. He is a son
of Mr. and Mrs. John L. Green- and belongs to
a family that is well' known throughout the
southern part of the state.

THE NEWSGATHERERS

The names of the r.ewsfratherel*8 al>ovp, reading from left to right, be.irinning at top of cut. are as fol-
lows: A. B. Brouilette, Commercial; J. R. DuKate. Percy D. Green, Capital; Joseph I. Mdentzer, Sun;
Frank W. Curtis, Capital; George IMelj Democrat; L. V. Tucker, Sun; R. F. Weenis, Commercial.

Within a few weeks after the above cut was made radical changes in the relations of a number of the
young men to their papers have occurred. Messrs. Curtis, Green and DuKate ha\'e become proprietors
of the Capital, and Messrs. Weems. Tucker and Piel have severed their connection with their 'papers. Mr.
\Veems had beeu 19 years with the Commercial, and Mr. Tucker a number of years with the Sun.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

159

Frank W. Curtis.

Frank W. Curtis was born Sept. 8, 1868, at
Albion, 111., and after graduation from High
School served apprenticeship in' the Albion
Journal office; later was employed as foreman
on the Alt Veruon Register, and for one year
managed the publication of the News at
Lawrenceville, 111. He became a resident of
Vincennes in 1899. and has served as city edi-
tor of Daily Capital since its first number. In
1898 was married to Miss Flora Andrus, a tal-
ented musician and teacher, of Mt. Carmel.
Airs. Curtis has been teacher in the free public
kindergarten ever since its establishment in
Vincennes.

Air. and Airs. Curtis are active members of
the Presbyterian Church and because of their
musical talent are prominent in the club and
social circles of the city.

John Ralph DuKate.

John Ralph Du Kate was born in Wheatland,
Ind., March 24, 1881, and is a son of Dr. John
B. Du Kato, a prominent physician, who re-
moved to Vtacennes in 1895, and lias since re-
sided here. Ralph attended the public schools
here, including the high school, and subsequent-
ly the university. In October, 1900, he took a
position as reporter on the Daily Capital and
has been connected therewith shice that date.

The Knox Co. Democrat.

The Knox County Democrat, Weekly, was
established in 1893. It is Democratic in poli-
tics. The publishers are Alessrs. Gerard and
Quigle. It has a good circulation throughout
the county.

The National Era.

The National Era. the Populist organ of
Southern Indiana, is published by A. L. Harbi-
son, who has for a number of years )>een promi-
nent in Populist circles. It was established in
1890. It has been an. able and industrious ex-
ponent of the doctrines of that party.

A. V. Crotts.

Alfred V. Crotts was born in Jackson Coun-
ty, Ind., and educated in the schools of Vin-
cennes, to which city his father removed. Mr.
Crotts learned the printer's trade with the
Western Sun when conducted by Mr. George E.
Greene, continuing his connection there for ten
years. In 1879 Air. Crotts bought the plant of
the old Vincenn'es Times and established a job

business, which he has continued to the pres-
ent time, building up a fine patronage in this
and adjoining counties. Being himself a
thorough master of the printer's art and a
thorough business man, he has been- able to
meet the demands of his custom in a way that
has resulted in a constant and healthy growth.
He now has one of the most complete and
thoroughly equipped job offices in Southern In-
diana. Keeping abreast of the times ini all
that pertains to the business, including styles
and type faces, he is never at a loss to meet the
requirements of a patron. He has a large
battery of jobbers run by power and all other
needed machinery, and is always ready to meet
any competition.

H. B. Hitt.

Harvey Brace Hitt was born and reared in
Vinceunes and educated in its schools. His
first experience in a
business way was as a
carrier on the Vin-
cennes Daily Commer-
cial, a morning paper,
and the stuff of which
he is made is exempli-
fied in the fact that, be-
ginning this not over
pleasant work at the
age of nine years, he
continued it for a peri-
od of nine years. Being
possesed of a mechanical genius and a desire
to earn money for himself, he, in 1892, when
but a small boy, organized the "Hitt Printing
Company," interesting in the venture some of
his juvenile friends and using a room in his
father's residence as an office. Working be-
tween school hours under Harvey's supervi-
sion, and by dint of industry at solicitation as
well as in doing the work, they built up a trade
that brought them not a little income. In 1901,
having added to the business that of the manu-
facture of rubber stamps, the company rented
office room in the Bishop Block under the name
of The Hitt Printing and Rubber Stamp Co.
The business flourished to such an extent that
they were compelled to seek enlarged quarters
and they are at present occupying large and
commodious rooms above the postoffice, at Sec-
ond and Busseron Streets. Radical changes
having been made in the firm. Mr. Hitt is now
in full control and management of the busi-

160

YINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

ness. Mr. Hitt's success is an example of
what may be accomplished by pluck and perse-
verence, coupled with a head for business.

PHYSICIANS.

DR. KNAPP'S SANITARIUM

Especially equipped for treating diseases of Eye, Ear, Nose and

Throat. Twenty beds, modern operating and office rooms,

Turkish and Electric Baths, Massage Treatment.

Corner Fourth and Broadway.

Dr. L. M. Beckes.

Dr. Lyman M. Beckes was born on a Knox
County farm, Jxily 26, 1862. He attended the
district school during
the winter and worked
for his father on the
farm during the sum-
mer, until eighteen
years of age. In Sep-
tember, 1880, he enter-
ed the Vincennes high
school, taking the latin
course. From this school
he was graduated June
15, 1883, with a high
record of scholarship on

account thereof being valedictorian of his class.
The next day after graduation young Beckes
accepted a position on the staff of the Daily
Sun. This he filled acceptably during the sum-
mer mouths, but having a well-formed purpose,
in the following October he entered Chicago
Medical College and begin the study of medi-
cine. At the cloue of his first term here he be-
came a student under Dr. W. B. Fletcher, of
Indianapolis. This resulted in his matricula-
tion at the Indiana Medical College, of which
his preceptor was a leading professor. From
this school he was graduated in March, 1887,

and was chosen president of the Sydenham So-
ciety of the Indiana Medical College. In his
struggles to this date Dr. Beckes had master-
ed all difficulties and had twice been honored,
as valedictorian', jut now began the real strug-
gle, the battle of life. The result is so well
known it is unnecessary here to say more than
that the doctor's victories and triumphs did not
end with his school life.

1'n 1896, at a time when the doctor was over-
whelmed by an extensive practice, he cast it
aside and went east, devoting another year to
study and research for the latest and most ad-
vanced ideas and practice as taught by emi-
nent physicians in the hospitals and polyclinic
of New York City. Before returning home,
accompanied by Mrs. Beckes he crossed the
Atlantic and made a tour of England, Scotland,
France and Belgium.

On his return home he resumed his practice
and the demand for his professional services
has "been all that he could desire, leaving him
small leisure for the amenities of life.

Dr. Beckes is eminently practical and observ-
ing in his practice. During the past ten years
he has devoted much time and energy to the
perfecting of a remedy to be used by local ap-
plication. He recognized this as of great im-
port and believed it would be possible to per-
fect local medication to a degree that would
result in great good. That he has met with
abundant success many of our citizens can te<-
tify. Without entering into details, suffice it
to say that he has perfected a local remedy
(Zenol), which is as near a specific for inflam-
mation as has ever been found for any disease.
Unlike many discoveries in the field of medi-
cine the doctor declined to reap a special per-
sonal benefit in a financial way by throwing
about his discovery the protection of the pa-
tent office and gave the profession its full bene-
fit by making public the formula.

Dr. Beckes has been several times honored
by the appointing power. He was secretary of
the City Board of Health for two years, exam-
ining surgeon on the pension board, a position
which he resigned before going east in 1896,
and county health official, a trust which he still
holds. He also held the office of coroner for
four years. He has foeero for many years and
is now medical examiner for many of the lead-
ing life insurance companies. As an evidence
of the esteem in which Dr. Beckes is held

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

161

abroad as well as at home, we mention the fact,
generally known, that within the past year he
has been offered several positions of trust and
emolument, one of which was a high official
position, carrying with it a salary of $6,000 per
annum. None of these, however, offered any
temptation to the doctor, even temporarily to
divorce himself in any degree from his pro-
fession, to which he is as loyal and devoted as
to the good woman he chose for the sharer of his
life's joys and sorrows, when, May 25, 1891, he
plighted his troth to Miss Helen L. Staub, of
Terre Haute, Indiana. As in all other under-
takings Dr. Beckes had succeeded, so in the
matter of choosing his life partner he made no
mistake. Brilliant, beautiful and womanly, she
is an artist of acknowledged talent, and settled
as they are in the beautiful home shown else-
where, it need not be said they are happy, pro-
gressive and successful. Two beautiful chil-
dren have blessed this union. The first, Irving
Wadsworth, died in infancy, but Marlin Lyman,
born April 6, 1899, serves to complete the hap-
piness of this well ordered home, which is the
culmination of a zealous and honorable strug-
gle for some of the good things of life.

Dr. H. M. Smith.

Dr. Hubbard M. Smith was born at Win-
chester. Kentucky. Sept. 6, 1820, and was edu-
cated in the schools of that county. He left
school at the age of fourteen years and learned
the saddler's trade, which he followed for some
five or six years and then took up the study of
medicine, bearing his expenses while reading
by teaching in the public schools. In 1844 he
attended the medical department of Transyl-
vania University. He then entered upon the
practice of his profession at New Liberty, Owen
County, from there going to Warsaw, Ky.
After some two or three
years he entered Star-
ling Medical College, at
Columbus. Ohio," from
which place he was
graduated with honors
In 1849. Immediately
after leaving this school
Dr. Smith came to Vin-
cennes and entered
upon the practice and
has since been actively
engaged here.

Dr. Smith was married, in 1846, to Miss
Nannie W., daughter of Gen. Edmund Pendle-
ton, of Clark County, Ky. Mrs. Smith died in
1895. Five children survive. Two of Dr.
Smith's sons have attained distinction in the
diplomatic service of the United States gov-
ernment The doctor's eldest son, Edmund VV.
P. Smith, died while in the service as consel
general, at Bogota, Columbia, South America,
and acting minister to that country. Another
son, Hubbard T., after having served as clerk
in both the war and treasury departments, was
appointed to a clerical position with the Beh-
ring Sea commission; was subsequently vice
cotinsul at Paris, Prance, and later at Constan-
tinople. In 1898 he was appointed vice consul
at Kobe, Japan. From here he was transferred
to Canton, China, in charge of the consul's of-
fice. On the appointment of Commissioner
Rockhill he became his secretary, a position
which he still holds. Dr. Smith was appointed
postmaster of Vincennes by President Lincoln,
in 1861, and continued to hold the office till
1869. He is president of the Board of Trus-
tees of Vincennes University, :beiug in point of
service the oldest member of that body. He
also held the position of examining surgeon un-
der the pension bureau for about twelve years.
The doctor has always had a taste for literary
pursuits, and in the midst of a busy profession-
al career has found time to write much for pub-
lication, a number of the more prominent mag-
azines and periodicals having made demands on
his talent in this direction. In 1898 he publish-
ed a delightful little volume of poems, entitled.
"At Midnight and Other Poems." He is a
charter member of the Western Writers' Asso-
ciation, whose annual meetings have been held
at Winona, Minnesota, for the past eight years,
having been held previously at Indianap-
olis. The conventions of this society form a
delightful occasion of reunion for the members
and usually cover a period of about five days.
The doctor is prominently identified with the
medical fraternities, is a Republican in politics,
and a member of the Presbyterian church. He
is also the oldest living member, in point of
continuous connection therewith, of the Ma-
sonic lodge of Vincennes, having joined the
same by demit from the Warsaw, Ky., lodge
in 1849.

162

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Dr. S. Hall.

Dr. Silas Hall was born in Wood County, Va.,
now West Virginia, July 29, 1849. He was edu-
cated at Ohio Univer-
sity, Athens, Ohio. He
entered the Physio-Med-
ical institute, of Cincin-
nati, Ohio, from which
he was graduated in
1875. Dr. Hall entered
upon the practice in
Ohio, but after a short
time removed to Law-
renceville, Illinois,
where he remained six-
teen years. In 1891 he
took a post-graduate course at Columbus Medi-
cal College at Columbus, Ohio. He removed to
Vincennes in 1893, where he has since prac-
ticed his profession, his practice in Vincennes
and vicinity covering a period of more than
twenty-five years. Dr. Hall was, in March,
1878, married to Miss Ella I. Flander. They
have two daughters and one son.

Drs. Maxedon & Somes.

The firm of Maxedon & Somes, Dctors
Thomas H. Maxedon and Joseph F. Somes,
physicians and burgeons, was formed in Jan-
uary, 1900, for the general practice of medicine
and surgery, giving special attention to female,
rectal and chronic diseases; also diseases of the
eve. ear. nose and throat. They have offices at
No. 120 North Fourth Street, fully equipped for
the treatment of all diseases in the line of their
specialties.

THOMAS H. MAXEDON.
Thomas H. Maxedon was born near Paoli,
Ind., Aug. 13, 1861. Received a general educa-
tion in Paoli and Or-
leans high schools, af-
ter which he entered
the Hospital Medical
College, the medical de-
partment of the Uni-
versity of Kentucky,
from which he was
g r a d u at e d In June,
1887. After practicing
his profession for a
time at Heathsville. 111.,
he took a post-grad-

uate course in the New York Polyclinic in
1891. In 1898 Dr. Maxedon visited Europe and
received post-graduate instruction at Vienna,
Austria. On his return he took a post-gradu-
ate course at Philadelphia. He entered upon
the practice in Vincennes in January, 1899. The
doctor is official surgeon to Post H.> T. P. A.

Dr. Maxedon was. married Sept. 26, 1889, to
Miss Mary A. Duncan, of Flat Rock, Illinois.
They have two children.

JOSEPH F. SOMES.

Joseph F. Somes was born in Vincennes, De-
cember 18, 1864, and 1 educated in the schools of
the city. After leaving
school Dr. Somes was
for seven years in drug
business in the city. He
then entered Rush Med-
ical College, of Chicago,
from which he was
graduated in February,
1889. He first located
at Lindsborg, Kansas,
where he remained five
years, returning to Vin-
cennes in 1895. In 1900

Dr. Somes took a post-graduate course at New
York Post-graduate Hospital, in diseases of 'the
eye, ear, hose and throat, Avhich are his special-
ties.

Dr. Somes was married, January 5, 1892, ta
Miss Ray Lamer, of Lindsborg, Kansas. They
have one son.

Dr. William T. Von Knappe.

Dr. Wilhelm T. von Knappe was born at Co-
lumbus, Ohio, September 15, 1845. His fam-
ily were of the most aristocratic at the capitol
of the Buckeye State. He is the eldest son> of
the Hon. Horace S. Knappe, the eminent jour-
nalist and historian w r ho was editor of the '"'Cin-
cinnati E'nquirer" during the Mexican war, the
first .editor of the "Ft. W T ayne (Ind.) Times
and Sentinel,'' "Ohio Statesman," author of
"The History of the Maumee Valley," etc., etc.
He was named in honor of Dr. William Trevitt,
chief surgeon on General Taylor's staff during
the Mexican War, and afterwards auditor of
state. He is a lineal descendant of Baron Wil-
helm von Knappe, with the coat of arms of the
Red Cross and the Imperial Eagle. His mother
was the great grand daughter of Lord Robert
Mac Gee Mac Brenton, of Scotland; coat of

V1NCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

163

anus. lion, thistle and star in a garlaud. Dr.
Von Knappe was educated at HejTs Female
Seminary, Vermillion Institute, University of
Norm- Dame du Lac, and University of Leipsic.
He studied m.dk-im' with Drs. Trovitt & Daw-

son of Columbus, O., and was graduated at Star-
ling Medical College; attended two six-months
courses at Chicago Medical College and was
graduated at the New York University. He
spent a year in the hospitals of Dublin, Edin-
burgh, Berlin, Vienna and Leipsic. While in
Europe he had the distinguished honor of be-
ing presented to Queen Victoria and of attend-
ing a Masonic Lodge presided over by the heir
apparent to the English crown.

He received a medal for bravery and skill in
cholera, from the Royal Legion; was commis-
sioned by Gov. Flemming of Florida, for suc-
cess in the treatment of yellow fever; also held
a commission under Gov. Claude Mathews, of
Indiana. He is an elder of the Presbyterian
Church; an Ancient Uniformed Patriarch, I. O.
O. F.; a member of Star Lodge, No. 7, K. of P.;
a member of die Royal Arcanum; a Past Com-
mander of Knights Templars; a 32^ Mason;
a Mystic Shriner and an honorary member of
the Masonic order of Pilgrim Knights of Jeru-
salem, Palestine.

The doctor is a convert to the Homeopathic
school of medicine, in which he was graduated.

He was married at the Church of the Memo-

rial, at St. Augustine, Florida, December 8,
1891. Mrs. vou Knappe is a daughter of the
.'.merkan Revolution, and a member of Caro-
line Scott Harrison Chapter, of Indianapolis,
Indiana.

Dr. J. H. Mammon, Optician.

James H. Haniinon was born near Fort
Wayne, Ind.. January 30, 1876. He was edu-
cated in the public schools of Union City and
Winchester and in the
high school of Seymour,
Indiana.

After leaving the high
school Mr. Harnmon
took a preparatory
course in medicine un-
der Dr. Porter, of Rush
County, Indiana. He
then attended the
American College of
ophthalomology, of Chi-
cago, from which he

was graduated. Later he took a special
course under Dr. Runkin, of New York
City, and another under Dr. Brown, of
Philadelphia. He also mastered Savage's and
Stevens' courses in eye-muscular work and Ed-
ward Jackson's work on skioscopy. He first
entered upon the practice of his profession at
Rushville, Rush County, Indiana, going from
there to Indianapolis, whence he came to Vin-
cennes on April 8, 1901, where he has since been
located, at No. 207 Main Street, and where he
has established an enviable reputation as an
expert and reliable optician and a large and
profitable clientele. He is also a practical
grinder and is making preparations to manu-
facture everything in the line of optical goods.

Dr. Ha mm on was married on the fourth of
April. 1898, to Miss Alberta M. Steward, of
Shoals, Ind. They have an> infant daughter.

LAWYERS,
James W. Emison.

James W. Emison was born at Bruceville,
Knox County, Ind., Feb. 7. 1869. After leaving
the public schools he entered Asbury University
(now De Pauw), of Greencastle, Inid., taking the
full classical course. From this school he was
graduated in June, 1882, with the degree A. B.
In 1885 he delivered the master's oration at the

164

VIXCEXXES IX PICTURE 1 AXD STORY

college commencement and the enlarged degree
of A. M. was conferred. Mr. Emison also at-
tended the law department of this college for a
time, afterwards reading in the office of Captain
George G. Reily, the distinguished Vincennes
advocate. He was admitted to the bar in 1889,
and immediately formed a partnership with
Captain Reily. under the firm name of Reily
and Emison. which partnership continued till
the death of Captain Reily, in February, 1899,
this firm long being recognized as one of the
leading law firms of the state. In the early
days of his practice Mr. Emison served as city
attorney and also as county attorney. He was
secretary of the Knox County Pair Association
for eight years, 1889-97.

Mr. Emison is a Republican in politics
and has always been held in high esteem
by the Republican leaders of the state.
He was in 1884 chairman of the Republican
County Central Committee. January 1, 1901,
a partnership was formed between Mr. Emi-
son and Judge W. W. Moffett, an able and dis-
tinguished lawyer, of Bloomfield, Indiana, the
firm name and style being Emison & Moffett.
Mr. Emison was married Xov. 27, 1890, to Miss
Sada Rabb, i>f Vincennes. They 'have four
children.

Judge William W. Moffett.

Win. W. Moffett was born on a farm in Owen
County, Indiana, Feb! 19, 1853. He attended
the public schools and
was graduated from the
liigh school of Spencer,
Ind., in 1876. Immedi-
ately entering the Uni-
versity of Indiana, at
Blooniington, he was
graduated therefrom in
1880, with the degree of
A. B. Entering the law
office of the distin-
guished firm of Frank-
lin & Pickens, of Spen-
cer, general solicitors for the I. & V. Railroad,
he diligently pursued his studies under their
preceptorship and was admitted to the bar in
Owen County in 1881. Upon the dissolution
of the partnership of Franklin & Pickens by
the appointment of the former a member of
the Supreme Court Commission, in 1881,
Mr. Moffett formed a partnership with the lat-
ter, under the firm name of Pickens & Mof-

fett. In 1883 he removed to Bloomfield, where
he formed a partnership with his college class-
mate, Cyrus E. Davis, succeeding the old firm
of Shaw & Bays, under the firm name of Mof-
fett & Davis. This partnership continued with
the name unchanged till 1894, when Mr. Mof-
fett was elected judge of the Fourteenth
Judicial Circuit, composed of the counties of
Green and Sullivan. On account of a fixed
understanding in the ranks of the Democracy
in those counties that the judgeship should al-
ternate between) the two counties, Judge Mof-
fett declined to be a candidate for re-election
and retired from the bench at the close of his
term, in Xovember, 1900. In January follow-
ing, he entered into partnership with James W.
Emison, of Viucennes, under the firm name of
Emison <fc Moffett. Judge Moffett has always
been a Democrat and a leader in the party
councils. The judge was married Oct. 27,
1884, to Miss Maggie Gray. They have two
children.

Judge 0. H. Cobb.

Orlando H. Cobb is a native of Lawrence
County. Ind.. where he was born Nov. 18, 1850.
He is the eldest son of
Hon. Thos. R. Cobb,
who for ten years rep-
resented this district in
Congress, but who was
then a practicing at-
torney at Bedford, Ind.
When Orlando was six-
teen years of age the
father, together with
his partner, Judge New-
ton F. Malott, removed
to Vincennes, where he

resided to he time of his death. After leaving
the public schools, Orlando entered the Uni-
versity of Indiana, taking the full scientific
course, and was graduated therefrom in June,
1872, with the degree of B. Sc. He immediately
entered the law department and was the next
year graduated with the degree LL. B. By
excessive application to his studies for a num-
ber of years Mr. Cobb had overtaxed his
strength of body and left school in a low state
of health. He therefore took a year's vacation
and was admitted to the Knox County bar in
May, 1874. Immediately thereafter he became
a member of the law firm of Cobb, Robinson &
Cobb, the other members being his father,

VINCENNES IX PICTURE AND STORY

165

Hon. Thomas R. Cobb and William B. Robin-
son. This firm continued until 1870, when Mr.
Robinson became clerk of the Knox Circuit
Court, when the firm became Cobb &
Cobb and so remained till the death of the
senior member, after which Orlando Cobb con-
tinued the practice of the law alone, until elect-
ed judge of the Knox Circuit Court, in Novem-
ber, 1900, for a term of six years. In Novem-
ber, 1874, Mr. Oobb became deputy Prosecuting
Attorney under Hon. John H. O'Xeall, then
Prosecutor of this Circuit, whic'h position he
held for four years. In November, 1888, Mr.
Cobb was elected Prosecuting Attorney of this
Circuit, and was re-elected in 1890, serving
with distinguished ability for four years.

Mr. Cobb was married, Nov. 11, 1874, to Miss
Elizabeth Beckes, daughter of Thomas P.
Beckes, a prominent farmer of Knox County,
who afterwards was elected a commissioner of
the county.

In the practice of his profession Judge Cobb
has always emjoyed the confidence of the peo-
ple in an unusual degree and his practice has
been one of the most lucrative in this part of
the state. As judge of the Knox Circuit Court
he is making an enviable reputation for judicial
fairness and acumen, .and in the dispatch of
business he has no superior om the Indiana
bench.

Hon. Mason J. Niblack.

Mason J. Niblack was born and reared in
He is a son of Hon. William E.
Niblack, who for six-
teen years represented
this district In Con-
gress and was on the
Supreme bench of the
state for twelve years.
Mr. Niblack was edu-
cated in the schools of
Vincennes and at Cazi-
novia Seminary, Cazi-
novia, New York. Ho
also attended the Mich-
igan University, for

several years, and fronl the law department of
that school was graduated im 1882, with the de-
gree of LL. B. Mr. Niblack entered upon
the practice of his profession in Vincennes as
a partner of Judge F. W. Viehe, under the firm
name of Viehe & Niblack. He was elected to
the .State Legislature for Knox County as a

Democrat in 1880 and 1888, and for the coun-
ties of Knox, Gibson and Vanderburgh in 1890.
Mr. Niblack was honored with the speaker-ship
of the House in 1889, and again in 1891 the du-
ties of which position he discharged with dis-
tinguished ability. In 1897 Mr. Niblack be-
came Grand Master of the Masonic Fraternity
for the state of Indiana. He has served as a
member of the School Board for the City of
Vincennes' for five years, and is now the Presi-
dent of the Board.

Hon. S. W. Williams.

Samuel Wardell Williams was born at Mount
Carmel, Feb. 7th, 1851. After leaving the pub-
lic schools he attended
Friendsville Academy,
at Friendsville, 111., be-
ing designed for the
Presbyterian ministry.
From this school he
was graduated in 1867.
Instead of entering the
ministry, however, Mr.
Williams read law with
Cauthorn & Boyle, of
Vincennes and was ad-
mitted to the bar in

1874. Prior 1o this date Mr. Williams had
served as Deputy Clerk of Wabash County, 111.,
for two years, coming to Vincennes in 1870.
He was elected Prosecuting Attorney of Knox
County, and served two years, 1878-80. He
was elected, on the Democratic ticket, member
of the State Legislature from Knox Counity,
and served from 1882 to '86. It was during the
first term of President Cleveland that Mr.
Williams, becoming dissatisfied with the course
of his party leaders, embraced Populism, being
one of the originators of the party. He has
since been a leader in the state and nation-
al councils of that party. He has been a dele-
gate to every national convention of the party,
was chairman of the first state convention and
of nearly all the subsequent conventions. Mr.
Williams strenuously opposed the fusion with
Bryan forces in 1896. and at the St. Louis Pop-
ulist convention secured the reversal of the or-
der of nomination, by reason of which Watson
became the Populist candidate for the Vice
Presidency. Mr. Williams also seconded Wat
son's nomination. It was through Mr. Williams'
efforts in the Legislature that Knox County
was erected into a separate judicial district

YINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

He also introduced and succeeded in passing
the first bill by a legislature to regulate the
tolls and charges of corporations. It was
known as the Williams Telephone Bill. This
law was attacked in the courts by the corpora-
tions, but sustained by the Supreme Court. He
was also author of a number of changes in the
probate practice. He was four years chair-
man of the Democratic legislative caucus.

As a trial lawyer Mr. Williams "takes first
rank and at the time of this writing is Presi-
dent of the Bar Association of Knox County.
He has been engaged ins many of the noted
jury trials of the past twenty-five years in
Knox and adjoining counties, among them be*
ing the Berner murder case, the Carter case,
the Horrall-Swartzel cases and the Johnson
will case.

He possesses rare skill in the preparation of
legal papers, is a good jury advocate and is un-
surpased in the art of examining witnesses.
He is noted for his fidelity to his clients and
enjoys a large practice.

Hon. James S. Pritchett.

.James 8k. Pritchett was born in, 1 Warrenton,
Gibson Coun^tyr Ind. After leaving the public
schools he attended Vin-
cennes University and
Hanover College, of Jef-
ferson County, Ind. He
read law with Col. W.
A. Jones, and was ad-
mitted to the practice of
his profession in 1864.
He first formed a part-
nership with Judge
Harrison Burns, after-
wards author of Burns'
Index and Burns' Di-
gest. This partnership continued for eight
years, when Burns was appointed private secre-
tary to Minister Geo. W. Julian. After Burns'
return, the partnership was resumed and con-
tinued four years longer, when Mr. Burns re-
moved to Indianapolis.

Mr. Pritchett was City Attorney for several
years early in the fifties, also member of the.
Council, and in 1857 was chosen Mayor of the
city, serving one term. In 1896 he was again
elected member of the City Council and has
served continuously since, having been re-
elected in 1900. In the City Council Mr. Pritch-
ett is an able and aggressive advocate of what

he conceives to be the interests of the city and
is one of the most powerful and influential
members of that body. In politics he is a Dem-
ocrat of Democrats. He enjoys a large and
lucrative law practice.

Mr. Pritchett was married in June, 1888, to
Miss Ella A. Wise, of Knox County, Indiana.
They have three children.

Arthur T. Cobb.

Arthur Thomas Cobb was born in Vincennes,
Ind., on the 27th day of February, 1871. After
leaving the public
schools he entered the
Vincennes University,
and the Indiana Uni-
v e r s i t y, graduating
from the law depart-
ment of the latter in
June, 1899, taking the
degree LL. B.. Was in-
mediately admitted to
the bar in Monroe Coun-
ty. On the 9th of June,
1899, he was admitted to
practice before the Supreme Court of the state,
and before the United States District Court at
Indianapolis.

Mr. Cobb is the youngest son of the Hon.
Thomas R. Cobb, lawyer and politician. On
the 20th of September, 1900. Arthur T. Cobb
was married to Miss Catherine R. Collins, of
Covington, Ky.

Hon. W. A. Cullop.

William A. Cullop, attorney at law, senion
member of the firm of Cullop & Shaw, was
born in Knox County,
March 28, 1853. He
attended the public
schools and Oaktown
Seminary and in 1874
entered Hanover Col-
lege of Jefferson Coun-
ty, Indiana. Taking
the scientific course, he
was graduated from
this institution in June,
1878, with the degree
B. Sc. He soon after
entered the law office of Cobb & Cobb,
where he spent two years and was admitted to
the practice before the Knox Circuit Court in
June, 1880. January 1, following, he opened

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

167

an office and entered upon the practice.. In De-
cember, 1881, lie formed a partnership with
George W. Shaw, under the firm name of Cul-
lop & Shaw. In 1884 Clarence B. Kessenger
was admitted into the firm, which became Cul-
lop, Shaw <Jc Kessiuger. In 1877 Mr. Kessinger
went west, retiring from the firm, which again
became Cullop & Shaw. In April. 1888, Mr.
Shaw was appointed judge of the Circuit Court
and Mr. Cullop continued the practice alone till
August of that year, when Mr. Kessinger, re-
turning from the West, again formed a part-
nership with Mr. Cullop under 'the firm name of
Cullop & Kessinger. This continued till July,
1900, when failing health induced Mr. Kessinger
to retire from the practice and Mr. Cullop was
again alone until the following December, when
Judge Shaw, retiring from the bench, again
entered into partnership with him under the
firm name of Cullop & Shaw.

Mr. Cullop was Prosecuting Attorney for the
12th judicial circuit from 1884 to 1886, and in
1890 was elected a member of the State Legis-
lature. He was re-elected in 1892, and in the
Legislature of 1893 was chairman of the Ways
and Means Committee of^ the House. He was
the Democratic nominee for the State Senate in
1894, but went down with his party in the land-
slide of that year, though leading the ticket by
147 votes. He was a delegate to the Demo-
cratic National Convention at Chicago in 1892
and was the Indiana member of the notification
committee, appointed to wait upon the candi-
dates and give forinal notice, of their nomina-
tion. ie was also a delegate to the Democratic
National Convention of 1896. He was the
Democratic nominee for Elector from this dis-
trict in 1900.

Mr. Cullop. besides being one of the most
active and successful members of the Knox
County bar, has business interests of consider-
able magnitude. He is president of the Knox
County Coal Company, operating at Bicknell,
Ind., a director of the Hartman Manufacturing
Co., agricultural implements, and is also a di-
rector of the Yincennes Board of Trade and En-
terprise Stove Works. He is also a director of
and attorney for the Wabash Mutual Insurance
Company, of the city.

Mr. Cullop was married in October, 1879, tc
Miss Kate, daughter of Hon. Thomas R. Cobb v
of Vincennes. and to this union was born one
daughter. Miss Carrie. He was a second time

married, July 28, 1898, to Mrs. Artie Goodwin,
of Chicago, a lady of rare accomplishments and
refinement and a popular leader of society. Mrs.
Cullop is a royal entertainer, and their elegant
home is one of the most delightful places where
society gathers.

In 1900 Mrs. Cullop was signally honored by.
Governor Mount, who appointed her as one
of the lady commissioners to the Paris World's
Fair. She has recently been chosen a state
delegate to the convention of the National Fed-
eration of Women's Clubs, Which meets at San
Francisco in June, 1902.

Dailey & Lewis.

Charles E. Dailey was born on a farm near
Olney. 111., Oct. 9, 1865. He was educated in
the schools of Olney, from the High School, 6f
which city he was graduated in 1882. Soon
after leaving school he entered the law office
of Messrs. McCauley & Moutray, of Olney. He
subsequently came to Vincennes and read law
with Hon. Thomas R. Cobb. Was admitted to
the bar before the Supreme Court of Illinois, at
Mt. Vernon, in 1889. He first entered upon the
practice at Olney, whence, after four years, he
went to Oklahoma, in 1893, remaining there
three years. In 1896 Mr. Dailey returned to
Vincennes and formed a partnership with
Henry S. Cauthorm & Son, under the firm name
of Cauthorn, Dailey & Cauthorn. This part-
nership was dissolved in 1900, and the present
partnership formed with Harry R. Lewis in
October of that year.

Mr. Dailey was married in 1894 to Miss May
Jeanette Boyd, of Casey. 111. They have two
children.

Harry R. Lewis, son of James F. Lewis, was
born in Vincennes. Attended the public schools
and subsequently Vincennes University for sev-
eral years. He also attended Kent College one
year. He then entered the law department of
the University of Minnesota, passing by exam-
ination the first two years' work and complet-
ing the three years' course in one year, being
graduated in 1899 with the degree LL. B. In
June of the same year he was admitted to the
bar. After spending some months in the office
of Cullop & Kessinger, in the following October
he formed a partnership with Charles E.
Dailey. under the firm name of Dailey & Lewis.
Mr. Lewis is a Democrat in politics and an act-
ive field worker, having stumped the county In
the interests of his party in 1900. Mr. Lewis

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

was married April 16, 1901, to Miss Kathern
Milligan, of Washington, Ind.

The firm of Dailey & Lewis is a strong one
and is rapidly forging to the front.

Hon. W. B. Robinson.

William B. Robinson was born in Knox Coun-
ty, near Wheatland, Sept. 9, 1839. He attended
the public schools and
later Lebanon Acad-
emy, of Lebanon, Ind.
After being for more
than a year superin-
tendent of schools for
Knox County, he en-
tered Indiana Law
School, at Bloomington,
in 1866, and was gradu-
ated therefrom the fol-
lowing year, with the
degree LL. B. He imme-
diately entered upon the practice of his profes-
sion in Vincennes. His first business associate
was^Jdhn M. Boyle, the firm name being Rob-
inson ^ST Boyle. Mr. Robinson's career as a
lawyer was an honorable one. He soon took
rank as one of the strong members of the Vin-
cennes bar. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of
Vincennes, and at the end of two years was re-
elected, serving two terms as the city's chief
magistrate. After his election he dissolved the
partnership with Mr. Boyle and devoted al-
most his entire time to the duties of his office,
in which he made a record for which he has no
occasion to blush. Before the expiration of
his second term as Mayor, Mr. Robinson formed
a partnership with Hon. Thomas R. Cobb, un-
der the name of Cobb & Robinson. This part-
nership and name continued until in 1873 Or-
lando H. Cobb, now Judge of Knox Circuit
Court, was admitted into the firm, which then
became Cobb, Robinson & Cobb. In 1874 Mr.
Robinson was elected Circuit Clerk of Knox
County, entering upon his duties in 1876. He
was re-elected in 1878, serving two full terms.
On his retirement from office in 1884, Mr. Rob
inson decided m t again to take up the practice
of the law and has since devoted himself to
farming, stock raising and horticulture, in
which he has been eminently successful. He
has been a member of the Board of Trustees
of Vincennes University for something like
twenty years, being secretary of the board the
greater part of the time.

Mr. Robinson was married, June 5, 1873, to
Miss Maggie J. La Hue, daughter of ex-Sheriff
James C. La Hue, of Knox Co. They have
four sons and one daughter.

Major Thomas B. Coulter.

Thomas B. Coulter was born in Vincennes
and educated in the schools of the city, having
been graduated from the Vincennes High
School in 1896. He
then entered the Indi-
ana Law School at In-
dianapolis, from which
he was graduated with
honor in 1898, taking
the degree of LL. B. In
the same year he was
admitted to the bar and
located in Viucennes,
forming a partnership
with Duncan L. Beckes,
which still continues.

Mr. Coulter joined Co. A, First Infantry, In-
diana National Guard, in September, 1891, and
was made corporal in December of that year,
and the following May, sergeant. In January,
1893, he was elected second lieutenant. In
May, 1894, he was elected captain. His regi-
ment being called into the service of the United
States in the war with Spain, as the 159th Indi-
ana Volunteers, Captain Coulter commanded
his company during the campaign. In July,
1900, he was promoted to a majority, and stiL
holds that commission.

Duncan L Beckes.

Duncan L. Beckes was born on a farm seven
miles south of Vincennes. Attended the public
schools and was graduated from the Vincennes
High School in 1896. He
afterwards attended
Butler College, of In-
dianapolis. He entered
Indiana Law School at
Indianapolis, and was
graduated therefrom in
1898, with the degree
LL. B. He was Im-
mediately admitted to
the bar and opened an
office in Vincennes,
where he has since
practiced his profession, having formed a part-
nership with Major Thomas Coulter in the fall

VINCENN&8 IN PICTURE AND STORY

169

of that year, under the firm name of Coulter &
Beckes. Mr. Beckes is a Democrat in politics
and a party worker of no mean ability.

Hon. Thomas R. Cobb.

Hon. Thomas R. Cobb, father of Judge O. H.
Cobb and Mr. A. T. Cobb, of the city, was a
distinguished lawyer
and pol'tician. He came
to Vincennes ir\ 1869,
from Bedford, Indiana,
with his partner, New-
ton F. Malott, after-
wards Judge of the
Knox Circuit Court.
Mr. Cobb had previous-
ly served as commis-
sioner of the Indiana
Militia, under appoint-
ment made in 1852. He

served in the State Legislature from 1858 to
1866. He was a member of the Democratic
National Convention in 1876 and was subse-
quently for ten years member of Congress from
this district. He died in Vincennes, Jun>e 26,
1892.

Samuel Judah.

Samuel Judah, deceased, was born in the City
of New York, in the year 1798. He was the
son of Samuel Bernard Judah, a physician of
that city, and Catherine Hart, his wife. Mr.
Judah's grand-father came to New York from
England about 1750, and became a large mer-
chant there, and signed the compact against
the importation of British goods, and was
known as an ardent supporter of the cause of
the patriots in the Revolutionary War.

The subject of this sketch was graduated at
Rutgers College, New Jersey, in 1816, studied
law in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and emi-
grated to Indiana in 1818, coming in a wagon
train. He settled in Vincennes in 1818 or
1819, and commenced the practice of the law
and soon gained prominence as a lawyer an<l
politician, with a reputation throughout the
state.

He married in 1825, Harriet, the daughter of
Armstrong Brandon', of Corytlon, Indiana, who
was U. S. Postmaster. State Printer, and Editor
of the Indiana Gazette, during the 1 time Cory-
don was the capital of the state. The Bran-
dons were of English ancestry and settled in
Pennsylvania about 1680.

Samuel Judah was a member of the Legisla-
ture, from this county, in the sessions of 1828-
1836-1839 and 1840, and speaker of the House
in 1840.

He was United States District Attorney for
Indiana, under President Jackson, and was
chairman of the first state convention of the
Whig Party, which resulted in the reorganiza-
tion of that party, and the election of W. H.
Harrison to the presidency.

We quote the following from the sketch of
Mr. Judah in the Cyclopedia of Biography: "As
a lawyer he was noted for his skill, learning
and originality. Amorg his most celebrated
cases are Knox County vs. The Ohio & Missis-
sippi R. R. Company, fn the U. S. Supreme
Court, and the well known case of the Vin-
cennes University vs. the State, thrice in the
Supreme Court or Indiana, and finally in the
Supreme Court of the United States. Through
his whole life he was a great and constant stu
dent and reader. His racy and original wit.
and brilliant conversation made his company
much sought after. The Hon. Hugh McCol-
lough, in his 'Men and Measures of Half a Cen-
tury,' refers to him thus: 'Samuel Judah, the
best read man and one of the ablest lawyers of
the state.' He died in Vincennes in 1869."

The children of Samuel and Harriet Judah,
who arrived at maturity, are Caroline, wife of
Dr. John Mantle, of Vincennes, and Catherine,
wife of Gen. Laz. Noble, all who are nowi
deceased; Mrs. Alice Clarke, of this city, widow
of Franklin Clarke, deceased; Samuel Brandon,
of Vincennes; John M., of Indianapolis, and
Noble B., of Chicago, both well known and
prominent lawyers of their respective cities.

A, L. Harbison.

Abraham Lincoln Harbison was born in Parke
County, Indiana, Feb. 8, 1872. He was edu-
cated in the schools of
Crawford County, 111.,
whither his father had
removed when our sub-
ject was one year old.
After teaching school
eighteen months. Mr.
Harbison, in 1894, took
the management of the
"National Era," a Pop-
ulist organ, established
four years previously
by his father, Mr. D. T.

170

VI. \CEXXES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Harbison, in Robinson. 111. Mr. Harbison was
for a short time, beginning in 1892, a citizen of
Kansas, and it thus happened that his first vote
was cast for Hon. Jerry Simpson, jocularly
termed "Socklnss." Thus eaily embracing
Populism. Mr. Harbison has b?en an ardent
advocate and consistent expounder of fts doc-
trines ever since. He has'*t>eet a delegate to
foul 1 state conventions a: id, one nitional conven-
tion, that at Cincinnati, in 1900. Was sergeaul:-
at-arms of the Populist National Convention at
St. Louis in 1896. In addition to his party
services as editor of its organ in this section,
Mr. Harbison has been active on the stump in
every campaign since and including 1890. Mr.
Harbison was admitted to the bar in the year
1897. but did not enter upon the practice of law
till January, 1901, when he opened an office at
Secondhand Busseroii and has since given ex-
clusive attention to it.

In 189(5. Mr. Harbison was married to Miss
Mary E. Boyd, of Vincennes. They have one

Jospeh T. Randolph.

Joseph Todd Randolph was born in Knox
County, Indiana, on a farm, in Johnson Town-
ship, March 26, 1878.
His father dying when
he was but ten years of
age, he was placed with
a grand-father in Illi-
nois, where he re-
mained till sixteen
years of age, when he
came to Vincennes and
attended the high school
for three years, having
a determination to
make his way in the
world. On> the declaration of war against
Spain Mr. Randolph enlisted in Company A.
159th Indiana Volunteers, and went with a
true soldierly spirit into the field. After the
war, returning to Vincennes, he took up the
battle of life where he had laid it down to go
to the service of his country. He read law
with Hon. John Wilhelm for about eighteen
months, supporting himself meantime by work-
ing as motorman for the Citizens' Street Rail-
way Co. He subsequently read for a time
with Prosecuting Attorney Hoover and was ad-
mitted to the bar in Pehuary. 1900. He re-
mained in the office of Mr. Hoover till October,

1901. when he established an independent of-
fice in the Baecher Block. To Mr. Randolph's
indomitable energy and industry alone is due
the advancement thus far attained in his pro-
fession* and we predict for him a successful
future.

John T. Goodman.

John T. Goodman was born on a farm near
Bicknell, Knox County, Ind.. March 31, 1861.
He attended the Bicknell schools and subse-
quently the Cen-
tral Normal Col-
lege, of Danville.
Ind., from which
he was graduated
in 1880. He
taught school in
Knox County for
two years. He
read law with
Cobb & Cobb in
the office now oc-
cupied by himself
over the postof-
fice, corner Sec-
ond and Buseron
Streets, and was

admitted to the bar in 1882. He first formed a
partnership with Edward W. Cooper, which
was dissolved by the reomval of the latter from
the city. In October, 1883, he became a mem-
ber of the firm of Cobb, Cobb & Goodman. This
partnership was continued till October, 1886,
since which time Mr. Goodman has had no
partnership in the practice. He was City At-
torney. 1889 to 1893. In 1892 he was elected
Prosecuting Attorney for Knox -County and
twice re-elected, serving six years. Mr. Good-
man has always been uncompromising in his
democracy. He was for ten years chairman of
the Democratic City Central Committee. He
is a lawyer of recognized ability. As a speaker
he has a pleasing and forcible address, which
gives him great power with the jury. He has
a large criminal practice.

Mr. Goodman was married in 1883 to Miss
Mary E. Fuller, of Bickuell. a daughter of
George W. Fuller, who founded the town of
Bicknell. They have three children.

Hon. S. B. Judah.

Samuel Brandon Judah was born at the fam-
ily homestead, upon the farm, near Vinceunes,
upon Dec. 26th, 1845. His father was Samuel

VINOENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

171

Judah, a well known lawyer and politician of
the early days of Indiana, and Lis mother was
Harriet Judah. daughter of Armstrong Bran-
don, of Corydou. Ind., both mentioned in a fore-
going article.

Samuel B. Judah passed his boyhood and
youth upon the farm; He attended the Vin-
cennes University for several years, under the
instruction of Kev. R. M. Chapman, a noted
teacher: He took a one-year course, at the
Rennslaer Institute. Troy, New York, and then
entered the Polytechnic College of Pennsyl-
vania, Philadelphia, where he was graduated
in 18G5. Shortly afterwards he was appointed
a deputy under his brother-in-law, the late Gen.
Laz. Noble, clerk of the Supreme Court of In-
diana, which situation he held for two years.
His next employment was as assistant assessor
of internal revenue of the First District of In-
diana, first under J. G. Bowman, now deceased,
and afterwards under James H. McNeely, of
the Evansville" Journal, both who were as-
sessors, and where he remained for about two
years.

la 1871 the subject of this article married
Miss Emily C. Burnet, daughter of llev.
Stephen Burnet, of this county, now deceased.
The fruit of their marriage were two sons,
Samuel, now deceased, and Charles B. Judah, a
member of the law firm of Calverley & Judah,
of this city. From 1875, and until the present
time, Mr. Judah has had his residence upon
Burnet Heights, near Vincennes, and for more
than twenty years followed the business of
farming and stock raising. He has also for
many years been employed in the management
as agent, administrator, executor and trustee
of valuable and extensive estates, both real and
personal, to all of which duties he has attended
honestly and successfully, and to the satisfac-
tion of the parties interested.

In the fall of 1898 it became necessary to
have a branch office opened at Vincennes for
the collection of internal revenue. Mr. Judali
was appointed as deputy collector in charge of
the office at this place by the Hon. David W.
Henry, collector of internal revenue for this
district, and up to the present time he has col-
lected and paid over to the proper authorities
over eight millions of dollars.

His motto is "A public office is a public trust,
and to perform the duties faithfully and consci-
entiously."

Orestes C. Phillips.

Orestes C. Phillips was born at Millsboro,
Pa.. Nov. 14, 1875. He was graduated from
the Pennsylvania State
Normal school at Cali-
fornia. Pa., in 18'J7.
Studied Latin and
(Jivek for a considera-
ble time under the di-
rection of Prof. Krehu-
tield. He entered the
Tennesse college of
law, near Nashville, in
1898, and was graduat-
ed therefrom in 19L>0
with degree LL. B. In

the same year Mr. Phillips came to Vincemies,
where he entered on the practice of his pro-
fession with every promise of marked success.
In a recent edition, in its report of a damage
suit in the Knox Circuit Court, the Daily Com-
mercial, of Vincennes, said:

"The speech of C. C. Phillips, principal at-
torney for the plaintiff, was pronounced one
of the most eloquent that has ever been heard
at this bar. As a pleasing and forcible ora-
tor, Mr. Phillips certainly has few superiors of
his age in the state."

Mr. Phillips was married September 20, 1901,
to Miss Emily Fairhurst, of Vincennee.

C. G. McCord.

Chas. G. McCord was born in the City of
Vincennes on the 21st day of March, 1851, and
is the son of William
R. McCord, Deceased.
He obtained his early
education at Vincannes
University and entered
Brown University, of
Providence, Rhode Isl-
and, in September,
1870. He was graduat-
ed from this institution
In June, 1873. Upon
his return home he en-
tered the law office of
Hen. F. W. Viehe, now deceased. In October,
1877. lie formed a partnership with Col. C. M.
Allen, for the practice of the law, remaining
with him for two years, when he opened an of-
fice of his own. Having become especially in-
terested in that branch of the law pertaining to

172

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

titles to real estate, he, in December, 1881,
opened his present abstract of title office, in the
Noble block, opposite the court house and has
since that time given special attention to the
law of real property and the preparation of
abstracts of title. He is well known as a title
lawyer and is regarded by the profession as an
authority on all complicated legal questions re-
lating to titles and an expert in the prepara-
tion of abstracts of title. Mr. McCord has a
well selected library, especially bearing upon
the law of real property and a complete set of
abstract records that are widely known as one
of the best in the state. His ambition has been
to become proficient in law of real property and
an expert in the examination of titles and in
this he has been eminently successful.

John L. Buckles.

John L. Buckles was born in Knox Co., Aug.
23, 1854. After leaving the public schools he
attended Danville Col-
lege, taking about half
the course. Read law
four years under the
preceptorship of pres-
ent judge of Knox Cir-
cuit, Orlando H. Cobb,
and was admitted to
the bar in 1897. Mr.
Buckles served as
deputy sheriff for five
years, from 1887 to
1892, and was sheriff

from 1892 to 1896. Mr. Buckles is also the ef-
ficient secretary and attorney of the People's
Savings, Loan and Building Association, or-
ganized in 1889, with a capitalization of $1,000,-
000 and in that capacity has done much to for-
ward the interests of home builders in Vin-
cenines.

In December, 1901, a partnership was formed
between our subject and Robert L. Buckles,
under firm name and style of Buckles & Buck-
les, i
John L. Buckles was married, in 1886, to
Miss Mary Etta Yates, of Knox County. They
have two children, one son and one daughter.

Hon. John Wilhelm.

John Wilhelm, attorney, is of German paren-
tage and was bcrn on a farm in Wabash Co.,

near Mt. Carmel, 111., May 10, 1854. His father
dying when he was but a small boy, John re-
mained on the farm until he was twenty-three
years of age, with the exception of the years
1872-73. during which he was in business in Mt.
Carmel. At the age of twenty years he took up
the study of law, which he pursued for four
years before applying for admission to the bar.
He entered upon the practice of law in Vin-
cenes, November 18, 1878. Mr. Wilhelmn's
first appearance before the people as a candi-
date for office was in 1885, when he was elect-
ed mayor on the Democratic ticket, giving to
the city a clean and able administration of the
laws. Mr. Wilhelm is a leading member of the
bar of Vincennes and is at preesnt city coun-
selor.

0. B. Williamson.

Oscar B. Williamson was born at Lancaster.
Ohio, May 12, 1872. His parents removing to
Vincennes when' he was
small, he was educated
in the schools of the
city and was graduated
from the High School
in 1889. He then en-
tered Earlham College,
of Richmond, Ind., tak-
ing the mathematical
course. He was grad-
uated from this school
in 1893, with the de-
gree Bachelor of Sci-
ence. After leaving College Mr. Williamson en-
tered the law office of Reily & Emison, in this
city. He was admitted to the bar in< 1894, and
remained in the office of Reily & Emison until
1897, when he formed a partnership with J. S.
Spiker for the purpose of conducting an ab-
stract office, the firm name and style being J. S.
Spiker & Co. This partnership continued until
August. 1901, when it was dissolved. Mr.
Williamson has had quite an extended experi-
ence in making abstracts of title and his
thorough acquaintance with the records of the
county, in many instances abstruse and diffi-
cult to master, makes him one of the most re-
liable abstractors of the city. Accordingly he
finds an ever increasing demand for his ser-
vices in this direction. Mr. Williamson makes
a specialty of the law of real property and is
building up a substantial practice.

YINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

173

Henry S. Cauthorn.

Henry Sullivan Cauthoru was born in Vin-
cennes, Feb. 23, 1828. Was graduated from
the ::Indiana Asbury
I College." now De Pauw
University, i n 1849.
Read law in the office
of U. S. District Attor-
ney, Benjamin M.
I Thomas, of this city,
and was admitted to
the bar in 1853, and has
I since practiced his pro-
fession at this bar with
honor and success. In
1854 lie was elected Dis-
trict Attorney for the judicial district of Knox,
Daviess, Pike and Martin Counties. He was
subsequently for eight years Clerk of the Cir-
cuit Court of Knox County. In 1856 lie was,
on the organization of the city government, the
first City Attorney. In 1870 Mr. Cauthorn was
elected representative to the State Legislature,
and was re-elected in 1872, 1878 and 1880. In
1879 he was chosen Speaker of the House, a
position which he filled with credit to himself
and to the satisfaction of that body.

In politics Mr. Cauthorn has always been a
stanch Democrat and in religion a Roman
Catholic.

He was married, in 1878, to Miss Margaret
Bayard, of Vincennes. They have seven chil-
dren living, two sous and four daughters.

Henry S. Cauthorn, Jr.

Henry S. Cauthorn, Jr., was born in Vin-
caun>es, December 4, 1870. He was educated in
the schools of this city
and at Notre Dame Uni-
versity, Notre Dame,
Ind. After leaving col-
lege, young Cauthorn
entered the law office of
his father, Hon. Henry
S. Cauthorn, of the city,
and was admitted to
the practice Dec. 7,
1891. He immediately
entered upon the prac-
tice in partnership

with his father, who is looked upon as one of
the most learned and skillful members of the
Knox County bar, under the firm name of

Cauthorn & Cauthorn. In 1896 Mr. Charles E.
Dailey was admitted into the firm, which be-
came Cauthorn, Dailey & Cauthorn, and so con-
tinued till 1900, when, Mr. Dailey withdrawing,
the firm again became Cauthorn & Cauthorn.
These firms have handled much business of im-
portance and magnitude, including the settle-
ment of the large estates of John B. La Plante
and Charles Graeter, deceased, and others of
almost equal dimensions. Mr. Cauthorn has
made a specialty of probate law, and being a
young man of studious habits, indomitable en-
ergy and more than average ability, is forging
his way upward in the profession. He is a
Democrat in politics and takes an active part
in all general elections. In the campaign of
1900 he was an effective stump speaker.

Mr. Cauthorn was married, Oct. 6, 1897, to
Miss Mary T. Bowles, of the city. They have
one child living.

Robert G. Cauthorn.

Robert G. Cathorn was born in Vincennes
and is a son of Hon. Henry S. Cauthorn. He
attended Cathedral School until his education
was sufficient for his
admission to Vincennes
University, from which
he was graduated in
1896. He then entered
Georgetown University,
of Washington, D. C.,
taking the full classical
course. From this
school he was gradu-
ated with honor in 1899,
taking the degree A. B.
Mr. Cauthorn is a gifted
orator and while at the Vincennes University
captured the "Gould Oratorical Medal" and
likewise at Georgetown University carried off
the "Merrick Debating Medal." which is there
regarded as the ne plus ultra of honors in that
field.- So highly were his talents in this direc-
tion regarded by the faculty of the institution
that he was appointed to deliver the "bach-
elors' oration" at the commencement. Mr.
Cauthorn immediately after graduation entered
the law department of Georgetown College,
which he attended one year, during which time
he taught in the preparatory department of the
college. He was admitted to the practice in
Vincennes, Sept. 7, 1900. Of more than aver-
age ability, of excellent habits and a studious

174

VIXCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

turn, Mr. Cauthorn gives promise of a bright
future. He was at a late meeting of the Knox
County Bar Association elected secretary of
that organization.

Wm. S. Hoover.

William S. Hoover was born in Davis County,
Indiana, Sept. 5, 1864. He was educated in the
schools of Knox Coun-
'ty, to which his parents
removed in 1866, and in
the Cincinnati College
of Law, from which he
was graduated in 1890,
with the degree LL. B.,
and was soon after-
wards admitted to the
practice in the Knox
Circuit Court. Mr.
Hoover is a Democrat
iu politics, having cast
his first vote for Cleveland in 1884, and is an
earnest party worker in all important cam-
paigns, taking an active part on th<j stump. In
recognition .of him abilities and a reward for
faithful party services, Mr. Hoover* in 1898, re-
ceived the nomination of his party for Prose-
cuting Attorney for Knox County and was
elected. So acceptably did he perform the du-
ties of the office that he was again nominated
and elected in 1900, being now in the midst of
his second term.

A. M. McClure.

Alvin M. McClure was born in Carroll Coun-
ty. I ml., Aug. 2C). 1869, and in his early boyhood
moved to Knox County.
He was reared, on a
farm in Busseron
Township, and received
his education in the
common schools and at
Vincennes University.
He became a teacher at
the age of eighteen
year? and continued to
teach in the. schools of
Knox County for a
period of seven years.

Taking up the study of law, he spent four and
one-half years as a student with the well-known
firm of Cullop & Kessinger. He was admitted

to the bar in 1893 and in 1895 opened an office
for the practice of his profession at 320^ Main
Street, Vincennes, where he has proven himself
a progressive and successful lawyer, and where
he has a 'strong and growing clientele.

Mr. McClure is a Republican and has always
been a stanch advocate of the principles of the
party, serving four years as secretary of the
Republican Central Committee of his county.
He was the Republican nominee for Prosecut-
ing Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit in
the campaign of 1896, and ran six hundred
ahead of the national ticket. Mr.' McClure was
ini 1898, married to Miss Nora Bond, of Oak-
town, Ind. They reside at 718 Broadway.

H. W. Alexander.

Henry W. Alexander was born in Greenville,
111., Sept. 7, 1852. His ancestry on his father's
side was of the Sewell
family of Maine, and on
his mother's side of the
Wilkins family of
South Carolina. He at-
tended the public
schools of Greenville,
and was graduated
from the Greenville
High School: In 1872
he entered the Universi-
ty of Michigan', at Ann
Arbor, where he took
the classical course and was graduated in 1876,
taking the degree of A. B. He immediately
entered upon the study of law under the pre-
ceptorship of Judge Phelps, at Greenville, 111.,
and was admitted to the bar on examination be-
fore the Appellate Court of Illinois at Mt. Ver-
non, in 1879. In 1887 he located in Vincennes,
where he has since remained in the practice of
his profession, with which he has combined a
general real estate and loan business. The
latter has grown to such dimensions as to pretty
well absorb his attention and in this line Mr.
Alexander has made a reputation as a prompt,
reliable and successful dealer. In politics he
has always been a Republican. He is a mem-
ber and was for many years clerk of St. Jaroes'
Episcopal Church, of Vincennes.

Mr. Alexander was married, Oct. 22, 1884, to
Miss Flora D. Portmess, of Terrell, Texas.
They have two daughters.

YINX'ENNES IN PICTURE AND STOKY

175

MINISTERS.
Rev. H. T. Willis, First M. E.

Rev. Tilghman Howard Willis, was born on
a farm in Sullivan Co., Ind., Oct. 15, 1846. He
was educated in the public schools and Union
College, Merom, Ind.
He enlisted as a pri-
vate in Aug. 1864, and
served to the close of
the war. He was li-
censed as a local
preacher in July 1870,
and entered the Indi-
ana conference in Sept.
1871, having traveled
"White River Mission"
one year, under the
presiding elder. He WHS ordained a deacon in
1873 and an elder in 1875. His first charge
was Currysyille circuit iii .1871. 'Then followed
Washington circuit in 1873,. AVheatland circuit
in 1876, Bruceville, 1879; ,Worthington, 1880.
Since that date he has been stationed as fol-
lows: Princeton, 1881-83; New Albany, 1884-89;
Princeton, 1890; Greencastle, ' 1891 ; Blooming-
ton district, 1892-98; Vincennes, 1899 to the
present time. The degree D. D. was conferred
on Dr. Willis by Moqreshill College 5 in 1898. He
was a delegate, to the general conference at
Cleveland. Ohio, in 1896, ^find at 'Chicago in
1900, representing Indiana "conference, the
largest conference, in Methodism.

Rev. Willis possesses a pleasing personality,
and is an eloquent and feeling speaker and a
diligent and effective worker. It goes without
saying, therefore, that he has a strong hold
upon the affections of his. congregation.

Mr. Willis iwas marrdedOctober 21, 1869, to
Miss Sarah E. Johnson, of Carlisle, Ind. They
have six children/

Rev. H. C. Clippinger, Presiding Elder.

Rev. H. C. Clippinger, A. M., Presiding Elder
of the Vincennes .District of the Indiana Con-
ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was
born at Concord, New Hampshire, Oct. 13, 1859.
His father was a Methodist minister. He is a
graduate of the Evansville High School, of the
class of 1878, and also of De Pauw University,
class 1882. He entered the Indiana Conference
in 1882, and has served New Harmony, Owens-

ville, Salem, Rockport, Wesley Chapel, New
Albany and Vincennes M. E. Churches as pas-
tor, and was made Presiding Elder in 1899 by
Bishop Goodsell. He was married to Miss
Hettie L. Blemker, of Evansville, Oct. 22, 1884.
They have three children, Foster, Gilbert and
Mary. Mr. Clippinger received the degrees of
A. B. and A. M. from De Pauw University. He

is a Trustee of Moore's Hill College, and has
been Grand Chaplain of the state for the I.
O. O. F. and has represented his Conference as
visitor to De Pauw Theological School and to
Garrett Biblical Institute as Evanston, 111. He
is a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon Col-
lege fraternity.

Rev. Meinrad Fleischman.

Rev. Meinrad Fleishman, pastor of the
Church of St. John the Baptist, was bora in
Switzerland in 1844,
and came- to this- coun-
try with h\s parents
when yet a child. He
was educated at St.
Meinrad's Abbey, in
Spencer County, Ind.,
and was ordained to-
the priesthood June 21,
1867. His first work
was as assistant priest
at New Albany, where
he remained about eigh-
teen months. He then became pastor of St.

176

V1NCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Michael's Church, at Brookville, Indiana, De-
cember 8, 1868. Here he remained until trans-
ferred to Vincennes, in December, 1897, twen-
ty-nine years.

Rev. W. A. Hunter, First Presbyterian.

Rev. William A. Hunter, D. D., was born in
Ohio. His father at the time of the doctor's
'birth was a wholesale grocer in Cincinnati, but
later removed to Macomb, 111., where he engaged

in farming and stock raising. Here Dr. Hunter
was reared and received his early education. He
then entered Hanover College, of Hanover, Ind.
After taking the classical course of this school
he entered Princeton Theological Seminary, of
Princeton, New Jersey, from which he was
graduated in 1879. He was ordained by Schuy-
ler Presbytery and his first charge was at War-
saw, Illinois, as pastor of Wythe Church.
Thence he was called to the pastorate of the
Presbyterian Church at Clinton, Illinois, where
he remained fifteen years, during which his
church grew in strength and general prosperity.
During this period Dr. Hunter received various
calls to important charges elsewhere, all which
were declined because of his attachment to the
Clinton congregation, but in 1899, receiving a
call to Fort Collins, Colo., and feeling the neces-
sity of a change in behalf of the health of his
family, the call was accepted and he remained
there until called by the First Presbyterian
Church of Vincennes.

Dr. Hunter was a contemporary at Hanover
College with a number of young men from Vin-
cennes, including Hon. Royal E. Purcell, Hon.
W. A. Cullop, J. P. Ooan and J. P. L. Weems.
Here also he met and won the lady who has
since been his helpmeet, in the person of Miss
Mattie Dunn. They have two children, a son
who is in college at Colorado Springs, Colo.,
and a daughter of five years.

Dr. Hunter was for twelve years stated clerk
of the Bloomington (111.) Presbytery and was
moderator of the Illinois Synod, at Peoria, in
1895. He wasMn 1900 moderator of the Synod
of Colorado, at Denver. He received the de-
gree of A. M. from Hanover College in 1886,
and that of D. D. from Blackburn University,
of Carlinville, Illinois, in 1896.

Rev. Louis Gueqen, St. Franois Xavier.

Rev. Louis Guegen, pastor of St. Francis
Xavier Church, was born in Brittany. France,
in the year 1834. He received his education in
France and came to America in 1859, when
just ready for ordination to the priesthood. He
came direct to Vincennes and was ordained at

St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, December 8,
1859. He went to Madison, Indiana, where he
remained till I860. He was then stationed at
Washington. Indiana, for a short time in the
fall of 1860, going from there to St. Marys,
Floyd Knobs. Floyd County, where he remain-
ed three years. He was then at New Albany
for about eight months, going thence to Loo-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

177

gootee, Martin County, Indiana, where he re-
mained for more than twenty years. From
here he went to Madison, Indiana, as pastor of
St. Michael's Church for five and a half years.
From Madison he was transferred to Vincenues
as rector of St. Francis Xavier's Church, in
1890, and has continued in the pastorate to
the present time.

Rev. J. B. Miller, Cum. Pres.

Rev. John B. Miller, pastor of the Cumber-
land Presbyterian Church, of Vincennes, was
born at Amity, Pa.,
January I, 1870. His
education was begun in
the public schools of
Amity and continued in
Waynesburg College, of
Waynesburg, Pa.,
where he took the full
classical course and
form which he was
graduated' in June,
1892, taking the degree
A. B., receiving the ad-
vanced degree of A. M., two years later. Im-
mediately after leaving Waynesburg College
Mr. Miller entered the Western Theological
Seminary, where he spent two years, following
which he spent one year in the theological de-
partment of Cumberland University, Lebanon,
Tennessee. He was ordained to the ministry in
April, 1893. His first work was as pastor of a
Cumberland. Presbyterian Church' at Salem
City, Pa. Here he remained seven years, re-
signing the work in March, 1900, on account of
partial failure of voice, going to California to
recuperate. From there he was called to his
present charge, May 5, 1901.

Mr. Miller was- married, June 27, 1893, to
Miss Annie F. Edwards, of Slate Lick, Pa.

Rev. W. G. Law, Baptist.

Rev. W. G. Law, Pastor of the First Baptist
Church of Vincennes, was born in Greene Coun-
ty, Indiana, Oct. 2, 1856. He was reared on a
farm, but became a teacher at the age of nine-
teen years and followed that profession for
twelve years. He was educated at the State
University .at Bloomington, Ind., and at the
State Normal School at Terre Haute. He was
married, Aug. 28, 1889, to Miss Alpina Rails-
back, of Terre Haute, Ind. To this union were

born four children, of whom two only are
living.

After entering the ministry, Mr. Law's first
pastorate was that of Petersburg, Pike County,
Ind., where he remained six years. He then
took charge, of the churches at Freelandvillej
Edwardsport and Bicknell, making his home at
Freelandville for the first two years, after
which he removed to Bicknell, where he re-
mained in charge of the same work one year
longer, coming to Vincennes, to his present field
of labor, Jan. 1, 1901.

Rev. De Lou Burke, St. James, Epis.

The Rev. De Lou Burke, Rector of St. James'
Church, and Professor of Philosophy and Peda-
gogy in Vincennes University, was born at
Crawfordsville, Ind., March 24, 1858. He was
educated in the Central Indiana Normal Col-
lege, of Danville, Ind., graduating in 1877. He
taught until 1888, when he entered the Nasho-
tah Theological seminary of Nashotah, Wis.
From this school he was graduated in 1892, and
was ordained Priest by Bishop Nicholson in
All Saints' Cathedral, Milwaukee, on Trinity
Sunday. 1892. For two years he was Rector
of St. Mark's Church, Beaver Dam, Wis. He
then accepted a call to St. James' Church,
South Bend. Ind. He was Rector there for six

years, and in that time built the church there,
which is one of the most beautiful and churchly
edifices in the state. In the fall of 1898 he ac-
cepted a call to St. James' Church, Vincennes,

178

VLNCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

holding his first service on Advent Sunday, that
year.

In September, 1901, he was elected to the
chair of Philosophy and Pedagogy in the Vin-
cennes University. This professorship he act
cepted and now teaches in the University, along

ivith his duties as Rector of St. James.
The Rev. Mr. Burke is an Odd Fellow and an

.nthusiastic Mason, Holding the office of Prelate
in the commandery and Chaplain in the Blue
Lodge of this city.

Rev. William Oeschqer, Christian.

William Oeschger was born, Sept. 2, 1868, in
Philadelphia, Penn. When 2 years old his par-
ents removed to Indi-
ana, and eight years
later to Nebraska. He
received Ms early edu-
cation in the public-
schools. In the fall of
1889 he entered Cotner
University, at Lincoln,
Neb. He was gradu
ated from that institu
tion with the degree of
A. B. in June, 1894. In
July of the same year
he entered the University of Chicago. He was

given the degree of A. B. from that institution
in April, 1895. After this he entered the Divin-
ity School of the University of Chicago. ID
1898, after three years of work in that school,
he was given the degree of Bachelor of Divin-
ity. From Chicago he went to Fairbury, Neb.,
to take charge of the First Christian Church of
that city. In the spring of 1900 he accepted a
call to this city.

He was married to Miss Dema Hopkins, May
17, 1899. Rev. Oeschger is a strong and able
preacher and as a pastor has gained the respect
and affection of his flock in a marked degree
since his arrival here.

'William Simpson's Pony and Cart

Fourth Street, North from Vigo

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

179

THE CHURCHES.
St. Francis Xavier Cathedral.

The foundation of St. Francis Xavier Cathe-
dral dates back to the early French settlement
at Vincennes when the little log structure with
its chinking of grass and clay served the pur-
poses of a house of worship for the pioneer in-

against the Chickasaw Indians, in 1836. A mar-
riage record bearing date April 21, 1749, and
signed by Father Meurin, a Jesuit missionary,
is the next preserved. In the following June
is a baptismal record of a child. These cer-
tificates are also signed by M. St. Ange, "Lieu-
tenant of marines and commandant for the
king at Post Vincennes." The last record
made by Fr. Meurin was that of a burial, un-
der date of March 17, 1853. Fr. Meurin was

Presbyterian Parsonage and Old Church

habitants. The first allusion to the Vincennes
Church in any preserved writings is a letter
from Father Marest, written from Kaskaskia
in 1712, in which he states that "the French,
having lately established a post on the
Wabash, demanded a missionary and Father
Mermet was sent , there." How long Father
Mermet served the new church we are not in-
formed but it appears that Fr. Senat was pas-
tor at Vincenntes in 1736, having come here
with Francis Morgan de Vincenne and per-
ished with 'him in the ill-fated expedition

.Main Street, between Fifth and Sixth

succeeded at Post Vincennes by Fr. Louis
Vivier, 1753-56. Half the records of this time
are said to be of "red or Indian slaves" be-
longing to the commandant and the inhabit-
ants. Father Julian Du Vernay was the last
Jesuit missionary at the post, his service being
1756-03. The records were kept by a notary
from 1763 to '70, from which it is inferred
there was no pastor in charge. In the latter
year Fr. Gibault arrived, and was in charge
for many years, being absent at Intervals. He
it was who came from KaskaskJa in the latter

180

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

part of 1778, after Col. Clark's capture of Kas-
kaskia, and assembling the inhabitants of the
post in the church, induced them to take the
oath of allegiance to the state of Virginia. In
May. following the capture of the post by Col.

St. Francis*Xavier Cathedral, Second and Church

Clark, Fr. Gibault again took up his residence
here. He records the building of a new
church, 42x90 feet, in 1784. In 1789 Fr.
Gibault installed Pierre Mallet, a layman, as
guardian of the church, and this guardianship
continued until the arrival of Fr. Flajet, In
1792. Fr. Flaget was succeeded by Fr. Lava-
doux, and he by Rev. John Francis Rivet
The last was particularly zealous in his work

among the Indians and records many mar-
riages and baptisms among them. He died at
Vincennes in 1804, the first priest who died
here. He established the first school in the
old French village.

The members of this congregation
comprise about 300 families. It owns
the church, library and episcopal resi-
dence and maintains a parochial
school for boys, having a large brick
school house. The instructors are
Sisters of Providence. The girls are
also under the instruction of the Sis-
ters of Providence, at St. Rose Acad-
emy.

The See of Vincennes was erected in
1834, with the Rt. Rev. Simon G. W.
Brute as first bishop. He remained
in charge till his death in June, 1839,
when he was succeeded by Rt. Rev.
Celestine Rene Lawrence Guynemer
de la Hailandiere, who officiated for
about eight years, resigning the office
in 1847. John Stephen Bazin became
Bishop of Vincennes, Oct. 24, 1847, but
dying April 23, 1848, was succeeded by
Rt. Rev. James M. Maurice de Long
d'Aussac de St. Palais, as administra-
tor till January, 1849, when he was
consecrated to the bishopric, which he
held until his death, June 28, 1877.
August 11, 1878, Rt. Rev. Francis Silas
Chartard became Bishop of Vincenues,
taking up his residence at Indianapolis
instead of Vincennes. Bishop Chatard
continues in office, the name having
been' changed about the year 1897 to
the Diocese of Indianapolis.

The present rector is Rev. Louis
Guegnen. Rev. Frederic Burget, as-
sistant.

The Cathedral, building now standing
immediately in Line with Second
Street, at Second and Church Streets,

is perhaps the oldest church edifice In the
state. The erection of a new church was de-
cided upon at a public meeting called for the
purpose by Rev. J. L. Champonier and Hya-
cinth Lasselle, July 24, 1825. The corner stone
was laid with due solemnity by Father Cham-
ponier, March 30, 1826. The erection and com-
pletion of the building occupied several years
and was not accomplished until the year 1830.
In connection with the cathedral is a library

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

181

of something like ten thousand volumes, in-
cluding many rare and valuable books.

St. James Episcopal Church, Fourth and Busseron

St. James Episcopal Church.

St. James Protestant Episcopal Church was
organized in Vincennes, Oct. 7, 1837, the Rev.
B. B. Killikelly presiding at the meeting which
resulted in the organization. Rev. Killikelly
was the first rector, or as the records say "pas-
tor." The vestrymen chosen at this meeting
were George Davis, Geo. Cruikshank, John
Craiksihank, Jas. W. Groenhow. Samuel
Langston. A. T. Ellis and Joseph Somes.
Of these. Messrs. Davis and Greenhow
were chosen Wardens, Joseph Somes,
Treasurer. Geo. W. Rathbun was elected Sec-
retary of the Vestry. Ait this meeting Un-
church was named St. James and the Rev. Kil
likelly chosen "pastor." A committee was ap-
pointed to secure the permission of the town
authorities to use the town hall for the ser-
vices until a church could be provided, "and if

consent is obtained to have the same properly
fitted up with stoves and seats; and further
that they correspond with Gen. W. H.
Harrison in relation to a lot hereto-
fore donated by him to this church,
asking permission to sell the lot and
apply the proceeds to the purchase of
a more eligible location. The coJ.sent
of Gen. Harrison to this program was
later obtained.

Great difficulties were experienced in
the early uays of the church in meet-
ing its necessary expenses. The town
hall was fitted up at a cost of $117.25,
and the church granted its exclusive
use, the vestrymen having agreed to
contribute $5.00 each on the first Mon-
day of each month to meet the ex-
pense. The financial difficulties un-
der which the infant church labored
induced the vestry, at a meeting held
Feb. 20, 1840, to "request anU em-
power" the pastor to travel and solicit
aid to erect a new church, and $50
was advanced him to pay his expenses.
In May. Mr. Killikelly reported that
he had been unable to secure any as-
sistance and refunded the money. At
a meeting held Dec. 23, a committee
which had been appointed to secure a
building lot reported in favor of a
half lot at corner Fourth and Busseron,
belonging to the heirs of Hiram Soden,
deceased, which could be had for $400,

"$200 cash in hand; balance at the end of one
year." By a unanimous vote the committee
was instructed to bay this lot. Here the
church was erected. Arrangements were soon
after made for the pastor to make a trip
through the Eastern States and England to
secure funds and $400 was borrowed for his
expenses. On this trip the pastor more than
redeemed his formed delinquency, raising, ac-
cording to out- computation from the
records, the neat sum of $3,527.73. Among the
contributors in England were many bishops and
archbishops, lords and members of Parliament.
The list was headed by a 10 subscription by
Queen Adelaide, the dowager queem, aunt of
Queen Victoria. W. E. Gladstone contributed
5. The present church was erected in 1843,
but without the tower, which was added in
1868. The Rectory was erected in 1864-G5.

182

VINOJflNNBS IN PICTURE AND STORY

Rev. Killikelly, on account of failing health, re-
linquished his charge in 1843, but after a year's
rest returned to it in 1844, resigning it a sec-
ond tine in 1 1840.

The present rector. Rev. De Lou Burke, was
called to the church in 1898, holding his first
service on Advent Sunday.

First M. E. Church.

There is no record, by which the exact date
of the organization of the first "Methodist Soci-
ety" in Vineennes, can be obtained; nor can the
names of those composing that lirst society be
obtained. It was probably organized about
1808. In 1810. Vineennes was the head of a
large "circuit," extending from Fort Harrison
to the Ohio River, and from the Wabash River
to Orange County.

which Gov. Harrison was present and held the
candle while the reverend gentleman read the
hymn and scripture lesson. There is no record
of the exact date of the building of the first
"Meeting House" in Vineennes. The deed for
the lot on which stood the old brick church that
was torn down in 1900, and on which the par-
sonage still stands, was made by William
Henry Harrison, to David S. Bonner, Richard
Posey and Thomas Collins, April 18, 1828. The
present beautiful and commodious stone build-
ing was erected at a cost of about $25,000, and
is located on the corner of Fourth and Perry
Streets. The corner stone was laid by Bishop
Fowler, April IT. IS'.tO. The building was dedi-
cated by Bishop McCabe, April 1, 1900. Archi-
tect, Thomas Campbell: Building Committee,
M. A. Bosworth. A. M. Sheperd, George Harris.
At this date, February, 1902,
there is a membership of 475.
A Sunday school of 300. A
Senior Epworth League of
103 and a Junior Epworth
League of 50 members.

The church pays for the
support of the ministry
$1,725, and paid last year
(1901) to missions and other
benevolences $840.

The next session of the In-
diana Annual Conference, a
body composed of 321 minis-
ters, will be held in this
church, in September, 1902.

First Presbyterian
Church.

The First Presbyterian
Church of Vineennes was
organized by Rev. Samuel
Robertson in 1806, the first
place of worship being a
short distance in the country
and known' as Upper Indiana
Church. Rev. Samuel T.
Scott was the first pastor and
services were held in Vin-
rrnnt's at private houses and
occasionally at the court
house at Third and Buntin
Streets. There were two or-
Among the first preaching services held by gauizations known as Upper and Lower Indiana
the Methodists in Vineennes, of which there is churches, nnd membership was held with either
any record, is one conducted by Rev. Wians, at of these till about 1832. when an organization

First M. E. Church, Fourth and Perry Thomas Campbell, Architect

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

183

was effected in the city by Rev. Scott with a
meinl>ership of thirty-one.
Through the influence of Revs. Alexander and

whose pastorate was from 1833 to 1835. He
was succeeded by Rev. John McNarr, 1835-36;
Rev. Thos. Alexander, 1836-47; Rev. John P.

Sunday School Class. Mrs.

Hawley a considerable amount of money was
raised In the East for the erection* of a Church,
and a brick edifice, 40x60 feet, was built at
Fifth and Busseron Streets. The first pastor
of the new church was the Rev. W. W. Martin,

New Christian Church, Third and Broadway From Architect's Drawing

{Catherine Morse, M. E. S. S.

Smith, 1847-56; Rev. John W. Ely the, 1856-58;
Rev. J. F. Jennison, 1859-60; Rev. Eli B. Smith,
1861-2. In 1862, during the pastorate of Rev.
Smith, a schism arose in the church which be-
came so bitter as to cause the withdrawal of
eighty-seven mem-
bers, wlho organized
the Second Presby-
terian Church of
Vincennes. Rev. E.
B. Smith continued
pastor of the First
Church until 1866,
and was succeeded
by Rev. J. F. Hendy,
wlho was the pastor
till 1872, when he re-
signed and in the fol-
lowing year the two
churches were re-
united under the pas-
torate of the Rev.
Joseph Vance.

After the division,
in 1862, the Second
church was under
the ministration of
Rev. E. S. Wilson,
who was stated sup-

184

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

ply from June, 1862, to 1865. During this time
the congregation erected the brick church on
Main, between Fifth and Sixth Streets, at a
cost of $9,000. Rev. Wilson was succeeded by
Rev. Joseph Vance, wfoo was pastor of the
Second Church until 1873, and of the re-united
church until July 1, of the following year, when
he resigned, and was succeeded by the Rev. C.
B. H. Martin, who served the church until De-
cember, 1877. Three calls were made before
the church secured a successor to Rev. Thayer
and it was Sept. 10, 1878, wten Rev. E. P.
Whalen was installed. H remained in charge
ten years, and the church was/then without a
pastor some three years, until the Rev. T. S.
Scott accepted a call and became pastor in
1891, remaining unitil 1896 when 'he was suc-
ceeded by Rev. George Knox, 1896-1901. Rev.
W. A. Hunter, D. D., the present pastor, as-

First Presbyterian Church, Fifth <

sumed charge December, 1901.

In 1884 an elegant new cihurch was erected at
Fifth and Busseron Streets at a cost of $14,000.

and to this an addition was built in 1899, cost-
ing about $15,000.

First Baptist Church.

The First Baptist Church was organized by
Rev. Gillespie in 1860. The present churcfc
buildimg was erected six years later at the cor-
ner of Fifth and Broadway. Since the organi-
zation of this cihurch the pastors have been
Revs. Gillispie, Robinson, Bradenbury, Gavins,
Stinson, Butler, Kerth, Thomas, Wolford and
the present pastor, Rev. W. G. Law. The pres-
ent membership is about 230. This church is
in excellent working condition, every depart-
ment being well organized and harmonious, and
the work being successfulfully carried forward.
It is interesting to note in this connection that
the Rev. Gillespie, the founder of this church.,,
is still living at Fort Worth, Texas, at the ad-
vanced age of eighty-
five years.

Church of St.
John the Baptist.

Prior to the year
1851 the German
Catholics at Vin-
cennes (had no sep-
arate organization
and worshipped at
the Cathedral, with
occasional services in
German. In 1846,
Rev. Charles Opper-
man had his resi-
dence at tlhe Cathe-
dral and conducted
services in German.
He was succeeded
by Rev. Conrad
S c h n e i derjans in
1847. Their first
church was built
der the adminis-
tration of the Rev.
Nicholas S.tauber in
18M, being a brick
building 40x80 feet
ard forming part of
the present hand-

id Busseron

some structure at Eighth and Main Streets.
Rev. Stauber was succeeded by Rev. Leonard
Brandt, who had charge till 1856. The first

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

185

resident iirh'st and pastor was William Enjjeln.
who reiuaimtd till 1853, and was succeeded by
Jicv. Acu'ldins Joseph Merz, who took charge in

was organized on the 3d Sunday in June, 1833.
It is not known by whom the church was or-
ganized, nor how many and who the charter
members were. The
only on>*5 that it is
definitely known
were charter mem-
bers were H. D.
Wheeler and wife,
and Samuel Piety
and wife.. For fifteen
years after the or-
ganization of the
church, the society
was without a fixed
home of worship.
During that time its
services were held
in private houses,
town hall, court
house &c.

On May 5, 1846,
the plot of ground on

Baptist Church, Association Tiim Fifth, betw:n

1863. In 1866, under direction of Rev. Merz
the sanctuary was removed and the church en-
larged in the form of a cross. It is' now 40x154
feet and has a transept 40x80 feet. Rev. Merz'
labors resulted in making this one of the finest
church properties in the diocese. The first
parochial school was opened in 1851, private
houses being utilized in lieu of a school build-
ing. In 1856 a small school building was erect-
ed, and this was siiperseded in 1873, under the
administration of Rev. Merz, by the present
commodious two-story building. The school is
now in charge of Prof. Nicholas Schnell, as-
sisted by three Sisters of Providence, and has
an average attendance of about 220. The
priests' residence was erected about 1855 or '56.
Rev. Merz continued in charge of this con-
gregation till his death. March 27, 1897. The
present pastor. Rev. Meinrad Fleischmann,
came to the charge on the 10th of the following
December, and has been here continuously
sinice. The present membership includes about
350 families.

Christian Church.

The Christian Church, of Vincennes, Ind.,

which
church
stands
chased

the present
building
was pur-
from Judge

Broadway and Buntin

Blackford anid deed-
ed to H. D. Wheeler, Alpheus Draper and D. J.
R. Mantle, in trust, as trustees of the 6hurch.
In the fall of that same year the congregation
began the erection of a house of worship. It
was dedicated Oct. 19; 1848. For many years
the church was without a regular pastor. It
was dependent on evangelists and lay brothers;
for preaching for many years. Among the
first preachers were: Michael Combs, Father
Palmer. Morris Trimble. David Worfor, James
M. Mathes, Elijah Goodwin, Jdhni O'Kane, L.
H. Jameson, P. K. Dibble, O. A. Bartholomew,
Prof. Amzi, At/water, J. K. Speer, Stephen Bur-
net, Dr. Eccles, J. H. Harrison. In 1861 the
church was visited by Alexander Campbell. In
18C5 the church employed T. T. Holton as its
pastor for full time. He was the first man so
employed. In 1869 W. H. Tiller was called to
the past orate. In 1871 T. J. Clark was called.
He remained with it for 21 years. He was
followed bq J. W. Jessup, 'he by G. M. Weimes,
who was succeeded by the present pastor, Rev.
Wm. Oeschger. The church at present num-
bers 500 members. In the spring of 1902 it will
build one of the finest churches in the city, cor-
ner Third and Broadway, at a cost of $30,000.

186

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Cumberland Presbyterian Church.

The First Cumberland Presbyterian Church
of Vincennes was organized at the court house.
April 28, 1890, by Rev. H. Clay Yates, assisted

Watson, Mrs. Mary Underwood, Elizabeth In-
gram, Joseph Roseman, Hannah Presnell, Jen-
nie Hazen, Lueinda Sawyer, Ella J. Medcalf,
Emma McCarrell. The church building waa
erected during the summer of 1890. The church

by Rev. Alonzo Yates, of Monroe City. The
following are the charter members: Mrs. Sallie
Setzer, Nannie Setzer, Alfred Reel, W. H. Wil-
son, Lee Milam, Emma Presnell. John S. Saw-
yer, Cassada Pinkstaff, N. E. Medcalf, Wm. A.
Reel, Mary A. Mass, Emma Setzer, Lueinda

has had four pastors, Rev. H, Clay Yates, from
April 28, 1890, to April 1, 1895; Rev. F. A.
Grant, from July 1, 1895. to Jan. 1. 189(5; Rev. J.
X. McDonald, from March, 1897, to April, 1901;
Rev. J. B. Miller, the present pastor, took
charge May 5, 1901. The church has a pres-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

187

ent membership of 230 and a Sunday school en-
rollment of 237. There is also a Ladies' Aid
Society, Malonna Circle, Missionary Society and
Senior and Junior Christian Endeavor Societies.

St. John's

Evangelical

Church.

St. John's Evangel-
ical Church was or-
ganized in 1849 by a
little band of no
more than six fami-
lies of Germans who
had settled in Viii-
cennes and Who had
begun to hunger tc
hear the gospel
preached in their
mother tongue, when
in August, 1849, a
young preacher,
Rev. P. C. Thomson,
on his way to St.
Louis chanced, to
stop over for a day
or so in the city. The
few German fami-
lies here, both Lu-
therans and Evan
gelical, by consider-
able effort, prevailed
on him to remain
and preach to them.
Then* meetings were
for a time held ii>
the town hall. Mr.
Thomson proved an
energetic and capable man and though his in-
come from his small congregation was neces-
sarily very small, not over 30c or 40c a day, he
added somewhat to his income by teaching
German and by "boarding around" among the
members of his congregation was enabled to
live. At the end of nine mouths, however, re-
ceiving a call from Louisville, he was con-
strained to accept and his little congregation
paid him ini full and released him with earnest
prayers for his success in a field better adapted
to his abilities. Rev. Thomson was succeeded
after an interval of some months by the Rev.
Carl Kuster. 18.">l-53. Rev. Kuster being called
to Terre Haute the congregation was again for

some time without a pastor. Then came Rev.
Frederick Schlundt Who appears to have sys-
tematized the work of the church, prepared a
code of by-laws and the firat preserved records

Church of St. John The Baptist Eighth and Main

of the church were begun under his administra-
tion. He was succeeded in December, 1855, by
Rev. Cornbaum, under whose administration
the first church edifice was erected, at Eighth
and Scott Streets. Soon afterward there was a
division in the church, one faction adhering to
the Evangelical and the other to the Lutheran
faith. Of the Evangelical branch the first
pastor was Rev. Christopher Jung, 1857-9. For
some time thereafter there was no regular pas-
tor but the church was occasionally supplied
by Rev. Hoffmeister, of Freelandville. Rev.
Frederick Durlitz became pastor in 1862, and
continued in charge till 1804. He was suc-
ceeded by Rev. C. Hoffmeister, 1864-65; Rev.

188

VlNCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

Wm. Jung, 1865-70; Rev. Nicholas Burkhart,
1871-73; Rev. Paul Werber, 1873-74; Rev. Albert
Schorey, 1874-83; Rev. Otto J. Kuss, 1884-85;
Rev. Reller, 1886-1901; Rev. Henry Mehl, nine
months of 1901, his pastorate 'having been ter
urinated by Ms death. The pastor-elect is Rev.
Louis Holman. Mr. and Mrs John Hamm, of
1204 North First Street, are probably the only
living members of the original organization.
The present 'handsome church edifice at Fifth
and Hart Streets, was erected in 1886, at a cost
of $12,000. The present parsonage was built in
1899 at a cost of $3,800.

St. John's Lutheran Church.

St. John's Lutheran Church was organized in
1859. The congregation erected a church build-
ing at the corner of Eighth and Scott Streets.
The first pastor was the Rev. Peter Seuel, who
was ordained and in-
stalled Oct. 26th,
He was s u c-
ceeded by the Rev.
F. R. Tramm, Sept.
26th, 1869, who
continued in charge
pastorate the congre-
till 1880. During his
gation builded a
larger 'house of wor-
ship, a handsome
brick structure, cost-
ing $10,000 at the
corner of Eighth and Scott Streets, to succeed
the first church building; the new edifice was
dedicated Dec. 10, 1876. Rev. Tramm was suc-
ceeded by the Rev. C. F. Huge, Sept. 26, 1880.
His successor, the Rev. G. Goesswein, was in-
stalled Jan. llth, 1885, and served till June,
1897. The present pastor, Rev. Carl Kretz-
mann, was installed Sept. 12, 1897, and his as-
sistant pastor and
missionary, the Rev.
Martin Kretzmann,
was ordained and in-
stalled Aug. 4, 1901.

This congregation
maintains continual-
ly a parochial- school
since 1859, and erect-
ed a two-story bricM
school house, next to
the church, in 1866.

Rev. Martin Kretzmann The number of

Rev. Carl Kretzmann

scholars at present is ninety, wlio are in charge
of the teacher, Mr. August Fathauer and the
Rev. Martin Kretzmann, and their assistant,
Mrs. Julia Steffen.

The trustees at the present time are Messrs
E. H. Younghans, John Kirsch and Geo. Hall.

SECRET SOCIETIES.
Malluch Court, No. 45, T. B. H.

Malluch Court, No. 45, Tribe of Ben Hur, was
organized at Yincentnes Dec. 4. 1895, with eigh-
ty-one (83)- charter members. The first officers
were: Chief, Dr. H. S. Latshaw; Judge, Alfred^
Laue; Teacher, Rev. J. N. Jessup; Scribe, Will
L. Te Walt; Keeper of Tribute, John T. Boyd;
Captain, Samuel Thompson; Guide, Ed. S.
Sparrow.

The trustees were William C. Bierhaus, Geo.
W. Donaldson, and Alfred S. Laue.

The court lias had a prosperous existence and
has always had a strong membership, composed
of the better class of citizens. Its' present mem-
bership is about four hundred, with the follow-
ing 'officers: Past Chief, Arthur T. Cobb; Chief,
John (j. Wise: Judge, Mrs. Mamie Sliugert;
Teacher. Mrs. Melissa Evans; SCribe, Will L. Te
Walt; Keeper of Tribute. Mrs. Nannie Lat-
shaw; Captain, Winfield W. Robinson; Guide,
Miss Gertrude Scott: Keeper of the Inner Gate,
Jas. Hensley; Outer Guard, T. J. Burrell. Since
the organization of Malluch Court nine deaths
have occurred in its membership and the losses
paid to beneficiaries have aggregated $12,500.
Ini every case payment was made promptly
after proof furnished, in some cases within a
week from Hhe date of death.

Malluch Court is a live and active organiza-
tion, has excellent paraphernalia and fine uni-
forms and one of the best drilled teams in the
state for the exemplification of the work.

FEATURES OF THE TRIBE OF BEN HUR.

In no case will more than $3,000 be granted
on any one life.

A monthly payment, as above, from each
member holding a beneficial certificate will be
due on the first day of each month, and must
be paid to the Scribe of his or her Court on, OP
before the 25th day of each month, without
notice.

In addition to above payment, as per the*
table of rates, each beneficial member must
pay a per capita tax of 75 cents in June an'l

BEN HUR

I. WinfieldW. Robinson, Captain. 2. James Hensley, Master Cer. 3 . Miss Dollie Phillips, Pianist. 4. J. C. Wise, Aus.
5. Mrs. Nannie E. Latshaw, Past Chief. 6. Peter J. Burns, Sitting Chief. 7. Miu Lizzie Bombarg, Terza. 8. Mr. Sue
Hensley, Judge. 9. Mrs. May Burns, Lady Guide. J 0. Dr. H. S. Latshaw, Drill Master. J J. Fred. Shugrt, Guide. 12. Mrs.
Malissa Evans, Teacher. 13. Miss Effie Bombarg, Hebrew Girl. 14. Mrs. Mamie Shugert, Mother of Hur. 15. Albert Brook*,
Rabbi Joseph. 1 6. A. Grant McKay, Ben Hur.

190

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

^UHUggDHI

December

Ben Hur Boat in Floral
of each year, in addition to the local

Court dues.

TABLE OF

RATES.

MONTHLY PAYMENTS ACCORDING TO
Whole One and One
At the Certificate, Mo. half Certificate,
ages Payment Mo. Payment,
of $1.00 $1.50

25 to 29 1,400 2,100

AGE
Double
Cert.
Mo. Pa>-

ment $2.00

2,800

29 to 33

1,300

1,950

2,600

33 to 37

1,200

1,800

2,400

37 to 40

1,100

1,650

2,200

40 to 43

1,000

1,500

2,000

43 to 45

900

1,350 .

1,800

45 to 47

800

1,200

1,600

47 to 48

700

1,050

1,400

48 to 49

600

900

1,200

49 to 50

500

750

1,000

18 to 15

$1,500

$2,250

. $3,000

COST OF MEMBERSHIP.
The cost to become a member -of the Tribe of
Ben Hur is as follows:
Membership Fee, $5.00; Certificate and Regis-

Parade July 4, J900

tration, $1.00; Local Medical Examiner, $1.00;
Supreme Medical Examiner 50 conts.

The above fees must be paid to the authorized
Deputy in Charge of the institution of the Court,
as follows, viz: $2.50 when application is made,
and $5.00 upon the delivery of certificate.

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES.

First Men affld women are alike eligible to
membership.

Second The protection is graded according
to age, but tfhe monthly payments remain the
same.

Tfhird No assessments upon death of mem-
bers.

Fourth An Old Age Disability, of one-tenth
of the face of the Certificate, after 70 years of
age.

Fifth A Partial Disability of one-half of the
face of the Certificate for the "loss of both legs,
both arms, or one leg and one arm by amputa-
tion, or the loss of the sight of both eyes. Or,

V1NCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

191

one-fourth of the face of the Certificate for the
loss of one leg or one hand by amputation.

.Sixth A Reserve Fund is created by setting
aside ten per cent, of the monthly payments.
WHY YOU SHOULD JOIN

THE TRIBE OF BEN HUR.

It is a new order, founded in 1894, has a
beautiful ritualistic work, drawn from the
book Ben Hur.

It has a very rigid medical examination; none
but first-class risks accepted.

The amount of a member's certificate does
not change with advancing age, but remains
the same in. amount as when issued.

Its plans are entirely different from all as-
sessment orders that collect assessments only

the only heretofore weak feature in fraternal
protection.

Tecumseh Camp, 3945, M. W. A.

Tecumseh Camp, No. 3945, Modern Woodmen
of America, was after two preliminary meet-
ings, organized June 17, 1896, and its charter
bears date Aug. 29, 1896. The charter members
were: C. W. Benham, M. D., F. A. Berry, John
Branon. Otto Brandt, John T. Boyd, Earl H.
Buck, Peter J. Burns, Owen Coleman, Thos. B.
Coulter, J. H. Cannon, W. W. Cassell, C. W.
Fyffe, L. Geschwindner, W. A. Hartwell, Jas.
X. McCoy, M. D., F. W. Planke, H. E. Planke
Z. Pulliam, Ohas. A. Sanford, M. D., Alex P.
Smyth, W. T. Smith, J.' F. Somes, M. D., W.
L. Te Walt, Edward L. Townsley, Robert P.

Photo by She res

Old Town Hall, Built 1837. Removed 1886

on the death of their members, but make no
provision for future years wlien the death rate
increases.

It makes mo assessment at death, but collects
a uniform monthly payment, thus enabling you
to know just what to pay.

A reserve fund of 10 per cent, is set aside
from each stated monthly payment. This fund
and its accumulations, cannot be used for any
other purpose except to provide against exce-s
sive or unusual mortality. This makes strong

Weems. Gilbert Williams, O. B. Williamson.

The officers elected and installed at the meet-
ing of June 17, 1896, were as follows: Dr. J. F.
Somes, V. C.; Wm. T. Smitih, W. A.; John T.
Boyd, E. B.; Will L. Te Walt, Clerk; O. B.
Williamson. Escort; Alex Smith, W.; Wm.
Hartwell. Secretary; C. W. Beniham, J. N. Mc-
Coy, Physicians; Edward L. Townsley, Dele-
irate: Z. Pulliam, Chas. A. Sanford, O. W. Cole-
ma in. Managers.

The organization has suffered but one death

MODERN WOODMEN

12. John Burway, Forestr. 13. E. J. Worth, forester.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

193

loss at this place, that of Ohas. A. Sanford, who
died in November, 1896, about five months from
the date of the organization. The increase in
membership of this camp lhas not been rapid,
but it is now experiencing a steady and healthy
growth and has a present membership of about
120. The present officers are: V. C., Dr. J. H.
Hammon; W. A., Edward Yocum; E. B., Jesse
P. Haughton; Clerk, Robt. N. Johnson; Escort,
Geo. Glass; W., Henry Mull; Sentinel, Alex
Cornoyer; Managers, Otto C. Busse, Wm. S.
Racy, Chas. Fyffe.

The Modern Woodmen of America had its'
beginning at Lyons, Iowa, when Pioneer Cam]).
No. 1, was organized, Jan. 5, 1883. The origi-
nator of Woodcraft, Mr. J. C. Root, of Lyons.

Photo by Townsley

was practically confined to Illinois, Iowa, Kan-
sas and Nebraska, the most marked growth be-
ing in t!he first named state. At the close of
the year 1888, the membership was 24,980. The
society had paid eighty-five death claims, every
one but the first (which occurred before the as-
sessments collected amounted to $1,000) being
paid in full, and the total disbursements had
amounted to $170,000.

In 1890 Head Consul Root having withdrawn
from the order and organized a rival society,
W. A. Northcott, of Greenville, 111., now Lieu
tenant-Governor of Illinois, became Head Con-
sul and under his leadership the order has had
a phenomenal growth, distancing all competi-
tors in the field of fraternal insurance.

The New Grand, Third and Busseron

became the Head Consul of the order and so
continued for a number of years.

The second and third camps of the order
were organized at Fulton and Lanark, 111., re-
spectively, and for a number of years the work

The total insurance In force Nov. 1, 1901, was
$1,075,200,500.

The total paid to beneficiaries to the same
date was $23,649,449.30.

The total membership in good standing was

194

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

657,310, distributed among 10,010 local camps.
The average cost of insurance in this organi-
zation never has exceeded $4,95 per thousand

members of the order has therefore ruled lower
than in any similar order in existence. Deputy
Head Consul P. W. Whirlock, \viho resides in

DINING ROOM, NEW GRAND HOTEL

per annum, being lowest of any beneficiary or-
ganization in the world.

The ritual of the Modern Woodmen of Amer-
ica is original and striking and the work digni-
fied and impressive. The fraternal features of
the order are strong and binding. This char-
acteristic of woodcraft 'has done much to give
'< Uie great lead it has gained and maintained
for a number of years among fraternal benefici-
ary societies.

The confinement of its organizations to the
Northern states, Where the death rate is much
lower than In the Southern states and the ex^
elusion from membership of the more hazard-
ous occupations has also tended, in no small
degree, to keep down the death rate and conse-
quently the required number of assessments
which have never exceeded eleven In any year.
The cost of benefits to families of deceased

Vincenries aoid who has charge of the work of
extension of the order ill a district comprising a
number of adjacent counties, is a reliable, capa*
ble and consciencious worker, selecting his can-
didates for membership carefully both as to
character and quality of risk, and the member-
ship he has gained has added strength and mor-
al standing to the various camps within hia
jurisdiction!. .

4 s

New Grand Hotel.

The new Grand Hotel, of which a cut ap-
pears herein, is one of the best appointed and
best managed hostelries in the state. The Old
Grand Hotel was bought by Messrs. C. W.
Padgett and P. H. Blue, of Sullivan, Ind., In
1899, at executor's sale. They immediately
had plans prepared for its improvement, direct-

VIXCENNES IN PICTURE AND STOKY

195

to
C

ing their architect to provide for a generous ex-
penditure of money in that direction. Early
in the following year work was begun and the
old structure was thoroughly remodeled and
rebuilt at a cost of $50,000. As the house now
stands it has seventy elegant sleeping rooms

luxuriously furnished throughout. In its culi-
nary appointments anid in the conveniences and
comforts offered in a general way to its guests
the New Grand is surpassed by few hotels in
the state. The manager, Mr. Al M. Ford, is a
thoroughly experienced hotel man, familiar

196

VINCENNES IX PICTURE AND STORY

VINCENNES IX TICTUKE AND STORY

197

with every department, and knows full well
how to add to the comfort and pleasure of his
guests. The rates are two to three dollars and
the popularity of the New Grand with the trav-
eling public is such that there is seldom a time
when! they are not taxed to meet the demands
for accommodation.

The First Regiment Band.

The First Regiment Band is the successor of
'Balue's Independent Band," organized by
Arthur M. Balue, in March, 1899, the name be-
ing changed to that at present worn in June,
1900, when it was attached officially to the
First Regiment of the Indiana National Guard.
In the presenit organization are four members
of the original "Independent Band." There
are in the present organization tAventy-five
members, as follows: Arthur M. Balue, Direct-
or; Q. V. List, Solo Cornet: J. G. Hunckler, Solo
Cornet; J. B. King, Solo Cornet; J. C. Wagner,
First Cornet; C. W. Miller. Second Cornet;
Joseph Goddard, Solo Clarinet; Wm. Oatlett,
First Flarinet; F. W. Boone, Second Clarinet;
Ohas. Leonard, E Flat Clarinet; John Marvel,
First Alto; M. Gluck, Second Alto; T. J. Acker,
Third Alto; A. Furguson, Fourth Alto; A. F.
Raker, E Flat Bass: Jos. I, Stoll. E Flat Bass;
A. F. Fischer, Trombone; Ohas. Purcell, Trom-
bone; J. W. Brockfcmith, Baritone; Jos. Moss,
Saxophone; Jas. Williams, Trombone; .Chas. D.

K;irson, Bass; W. C. Teschner, Side Drum; Al-
vin McCormick, Trombone; Howard Earl,
Drum Major.

It is an unusually strong aggregation of
musicians and has never failed to carry off the
honors whenever it has been pitted against
other organizations.

Arthur M. Balue, the director, was born at
Cerro Gordo, 111., and at the age of eight years
came with his parents to Vincennes, where he
was educated. He early developed a musical
talent of a superior order, and taking up the
study without an instructor, began, at the age
of nineteen years to give special attention to it.
When twenty-one years of age he became a
member of Piankeshaw Band, of the city, un-
der the leadership of George McDonald. He
soon after went on the road as a professional,
which he continued for several seasons, being
connected with a number of the best profes-
sional aggregations. In March, 1899, as stated,
he organized "Balue's Independent 'Band and
Orchestra," which, in June, 1900, became the
.First Regiment Band. Mr. Balue has con-
tinued to direct the band from its first organi-
zation to the present, with great satisfaction
to its membership. In a business way Mr.
Balue is associated with Mr. L. P. Colenbaugb
in the grocery business at 1008 North Second.

Mr. Balue was married in October, 1900, to
Miss Mary Acker, of Vincennes. They have
one soni.

"Little Joe" Earl and His Drawing, Made at Age of Four Years

198

VINCBNNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

A Youthful Prodigy.

"Little Joe" Earl, whose portrait appears
above, taken when in his fifth year, is a prodigy
in many respects and has been a puzzle to phy-
sicians and nmtfy others who have taken an in-
terest in his talents and genius. Before he was
four years of age his parents, Mr. and Mrs.
Howard Earl, of Eleventh and Main Streets,
discovered signs of a remarkable mechanical
genius and a talent for drawing which came to
tfhern as a surprise, and they began more closely
to observe tlieir little sou. They soon found him
unlike other children in that he possessed a re-
markable memory, seldom forgetting anything
one told him. His father being a switchman
in the employ of the I. & V. Railroad, 'he natur-
ally took an interest in engines. He was soon
able to produce with dialk on a blackboard
with which he had been provided a wonderfully
true sketch of a locomotive engine. One of

these, drawn when "Little Joe" was four years
of age, was photographed and is here repro-
duced. Joe is a diminutive bit of humanity,
but may be depended on to give an intelligent
answer to almost any question on any subject.
There is niot the smallest part of a railway en-
gine whose name and use he has not known for
years. He is familiar with the rules governing
tllie engineer in various emergencies that may
arise. But it is not only in these matters that
he is informed; he knows much of history, of
physiology and various other knowledge n<ot
'. ound in the average head many times the age
of his own. His ready understanding and re-
tentive memory make 'him truly a wonder on
account of his extreme youth. He has never
attended school, physicians having advised
against it on account of his frail little body.
His wonderful knowledge seems to be almost
intuitive, so readily is it acquired.

The public schools of Vincennes are equal in
equipment and efficiency to those of any other

of which the central building at Seventh and
Buntin Streets was the first* erected, 1865. It
has a corps of eleven
teachers and is pre-
sided over by Prof.
M. R. Ivirk, a gradu-
ate of the State Nor-
mal School of Terre
Haute and of the
State University at
Bloomington, where
he took the classical
course.

No. 2, which was
built in 1884, a con-
siderable addition be-
ing made in 1895, is
located at Second
and I n d i anapolie
Avenue, North Vin-
cennes, and has six
teachers, of whom
M iss Josephine
Crotts is principal.

No. 3, erected in
1877, is the school
Vincennes High School. Fifth and Buntin f or colored pupils,

city of the same size in the state. They are sup- and is loeatedfat Twelfth and Seminary Streets.

plied with six large and commodious buildings, The principal. R. L. Anthony, is a colored edu-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

199

cator of ability and there are three departments.
No. 4. erected in 1878, Seventh and Barnet,
the "West Side School,"
has four departments,
with A. B. Mavity as
principal.

No. 5. built in 1891,
Eleventh and Hickman,
"East End School." has
a corps of six teachers,
with Miss Melvina
Keith as principal.

No. 6, the High
School, was built in
1897. and is one of the

M. J. Nfclacfc. Prudent mogt

school buildings in the
state. It is a handsome
structure of yellow
brick, with every mod-
ern appliance, including
a finely appointed gym-
nasium, which is under
the supervision of a
thorough teacher of
physical culture, and a
large and commodious
auditorium, where lec-
tures and a variety of
e n t e r t a i nments are
given.

The public library,
which is a part of
the educational sys-
tem and under the
control and manage-
ment of the school
board, is located in
the City Hall, where
it has a very hand-
s o in e 1 y appointed
apartment. It was
established in 1889,
the first librarian be-
ing Miss Mary Scott,
now Mrs. G. W.
Shaw, who served in
that capacity till
Dec ember, 1897.
when she tendered
lier resignation, and
Miss Myrtle Ruddy

H. T. Wa, Secretary

Huddy has served continuously since that date.
There are in th? library about five thousand vol-
umes, selected with a
special view to the
wants of the students
of the public schools,
but the benefits of the
library are open to any
citizen of Viucennes
without charge, on com-
pliance with the rules
of the institution. The
expenditure for the
library in 1901 was $730.
The members of the
School Board are Hon.
Mason J. Niblack, President; Eugene Hack, and
H. Thornton Willis, Secretary, all broad-minded,
progressive men, who spare no pains or ex-
l>ense. when the good of the schools is involved
Superintendent A. E. Humke is an educator of
broad culture and large experience and pos-
sessed of the requisite energy and judgment to
maintain the high standard of excellence of
these schools, which is. indeed, in no small
measure due to his labors.

The investment in school property in the city
of Yinf-ennes will easily reach $150.000. and the
annual expenditure largely exceeds $30,000.

E. Hack

was appointed to
succeeded her. Miss

Central School, No. \, Seventh and Buntin

200

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

The expenditure for the year 1901, includ-
ing salaries of teachers and janitors and fuel,
water, furniture, repairs, apparatus, books, &c,
including also the public library, amounted to
$34,155. The board has under consideration
plans to enlarge the
facilities by the erec-
tion of further build-
ings to accommodate
the increasing num-
ber of pupils, due to
the growth of the
city. It is highly
probable that the
next few months
will see another
handsome school
building under way.

H. T. WILLIS, Sec.
Henry Thornton
Willis was born at
Bruceville, K n o x
County, Aug. 29,
1862. He received
his early education
In the public schools
and later attended'
the State Normal
School at Terre

Haute and became a teacher in the schools of
Knox County, being so engaged for six years.
He was then for five years city editor of the
Daily Sun, after which, in 1891, he became
cashier of the Union Depot Hotel, a position

East End School, Eleventh and Hickman

North Vincennes School, Second and Indianapolis Avenue

which he has held
continuously since
that date.

The high estima-
tion in which Mr.
Willis is held in the
community is evi-
denced by the num-
ber of positions of
trust and responsibil-
ity he has held. He
was elected secretary
of the Board of
Trade, March 24,
'1899, and has served
in that capacity
since that time, hav-
ing been re-elected
annually. He be-
came a member of
the City Board of
Education in June,
1899, and was at the
first meeting there-

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

201

after elected secretary of the board. The fol-
lowing year he was chosen treasurer and secre-

West Side School, Seventh and
tary again the next year, in which position he
still serves. He was for a number of years
secretary and treasurer of the Security Spoke
Manufacturing Co., of the city, and was for
twelve years, from 1889 to 1901, secretary of
the Old Settlers' As-
Bociation. of Knox,
County. He is a
member of the
Christian C h u r c h;
and has been treas-
urer of that organi-
zation since 1896. In
politics he is a dem-
ocrat, though of Re-
publican stock. Mr.
Willis was married,
June 17, 1896, to
Miss Grace Burnet
of the city. They
have one son.

PROP. ALBERT
E. HUMKE.

January 23, 1864. He attended the public
schools and a gymnasium of his native country
until fifteen years of
age, when he, with
mother and family,
immigrated to this
country, coming di-
rect to Wabash, Ind.,
in 1869, soon after
locating in Laketon,
where our subject
attended the public
schools for three
years and then be-
came a teacher. The
better to fit himself
for his chosen pro-
fession he attended
the State Normal
School at Terre
Haute, from which
he was graduated
with honors in 1877.
Subseque ntly he
taught as principal
Baxt of one of the Ward

schools of Wabash. Following this he was
for seven years instructor in reading in the
State Normal School at Terre Haute. In 1891,
Prof. Humke became superintendent of the
city schools of Vincennes, a position which he

Albert E. Humke
was born in Lippe,
Detmold, Germany,

Colored School, Twelfth and Seminary

202

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

has since held, to the pleasure and profit of
their patrons and whose duties he has per-
formed with an
assiduity and wis-
dom that has
resulted in one of
the best conduct-
ed educational de-
partments in the
State.

Professor
Humke was mar-
ried in 1877 to
Miss Mantle D.
Gregory of Mar-

I Would Love to Go Back.

tinsville, 111.

A. E. HUMKE,

Vlncennes,

St. Rose Academy.

St. Rose Academy, conducted by the Sistera
of Providence, whose Mother House is at St.
Mary's of the Woods,
Vigo County, Indi-
ana, was founded in
1842. During the
sixty years of its ex-
istence it has kept
pace with the edu-
cational demands of
the times, offering
accommodations for
resident students as
well as day scholars.
The regular course
of instruction com-
prises three depart-
ments: Primary, In-
termediate, Acad-
emic. A commercial
course can also be
pursued if desired.
The scholastic year
is divided into two
terms of twenty St. Rose

weeks eacli. The number of pupils attending
is two hundred and sixty; the number of teach-
ers employed is twelve. Instruction is given
in piano and vocal music, and the various
stringed instruments. Public recitals form a
feature of the educational system, thus pre-
paring the pupils for appearance in public and
maintaining among them a spirit of interest
and emulation.

(George R. Harvey's Muse Sings of His
Heart's Desire.)

I would like to go back
To the days of my boyhood,
In life's morning march,
When my bosom was young;
Re-tread the old paths
That ran through the wild-wood,
And sing the old songs
That we neighbor boys sung.

I would love to go back
To that double log cabin,
In wihich I was taught
My first little prayer,
And hear Brother Strainge,
The old Circuit Rider,
Preach to the people,
Who came far and near.

Academy, Fifth and Seminary
I would love to sit down
In my father's old orchard,
Where the Romanite, Pippin^
And bellflower grew.
'Twas the fruit of the country;
Yes, fruit of my boyhood,
But where it's all gone
Good Lord only knows.

VINCENNES IN PICTURE AND STORY

203

I would love to look back

On the old sweep-mill in the valley,

In which I once worked

In life's early morn,

In a seat on the sweep,

Behind the two horses,

To keep them both moving

While grinding the corn.

Yes, I would like to go back

To that old beech log

By the path through the forest,

On which I once sat

Near the pigeon roost ground,

And see the birds coming

By thousands, yes. millions,

And cover the trees for many miles round.

'Twas a sight of a life-time,
And oft I have wondered
If the days that have passed
Would ever roll round

And bring back the good times
I had in my boyhood
In bagginig wild pigeons
That roost near the ground.

I would love to look back

On that. old wooden flax brake

And scutching board,

Sharpen'd and driven in ground,

Where we broke and we scutched

And we ran through the heckle

Preparing flax fiber

For the spindle and loom.

I would love to go back
To the days of wild turkey
Anld venison steak
And pigeon pot pie,
With corn bread for dinner
Mixed well with stewed pumpkin
And a few juicy cracklings
Just fresih from the fry.

COISTTEISTTS

Page
CHAPTER 1., Early Settlement 5

CHAPTER II., The Jesuit Missionaries 9

CHAPTER III., Under English Rule 11

CHAPTER IV., Expedition of Col. George
Rogers Clark. Biographical foot note of
Clark 14

CHAPTER V., Clark makes preparations to
secure Vincennes 17

CHAPTER VI., Vincennes captured by Gov.
Hamilton. Clark prepares to march
against the Post 23

CHAPTER VII., Clark captures the "Old
Post" 29

CHAPTER VIII., Clark captures Hamil-
ton's boats. Plans against Detroit. Early
events following 37

CHAPTER IX., Governor St Glair. Laws
for the Northwest Territory. Indian
troubles 41

Page

CHAPTER X., Gen. Harrison becomes sec-
retary of the Northwest Territory. Leg-
islature established. First delegate in
Congress. Count De Volney writes of
Vincennes 47

CHAPTER XI., Establishment of Indiana
Territory. Governor Harrison. First
Grand Jury. First Legislature. Various
matters of Interest 50

CHAPTER XII., Indians become restless.
Tecumsch. Tippecanoe 53

CHAPTER XIII., War of 1812. Gov. Har-
rison in command of U. S. forces. Capi-
tal leaves Vincennes 68

CHAPTER XIV., Indiana becomes a state.
Blackhawk War. War of the rebellion. . 72
Spanish-American War 77

CHAPTER XV., Corporate History. His-
torical Miscellany 80

CHAPTER XVI., Vincennes University . . .84-9
The Vincennes of To-day 90

BUSINESS INTERESTS BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL MEN

Page

Adams, T. H .155

Alexander, H. W 7..174

Alsop, George R 100

Arnold, Stephen 134

Baecher, E. A 151

Baker, William 99

Bank, First National 95

Bank, German National 98

Bank, Second National 97

Bayard, Joseph L 95

Bayard, Joseph L., Jr 96

Beckes, Duncan L 168

Beckes, Lyman M., Dr 160

Ben Hur Tribe of 188

Bey Lawrence 120

Blerhaus Brothers 116-17

Blerhaus, E. & Sons 116-18

Board of Trade 91

Boeckman, Henry J., 100

Bonner, Daniel 148

Boog, Herman 124

Boyd, John T., 98

Bratton-Racey Grocery Co.... 118

Brokhage & Sons, H 113

Buckles, John L 172

Burke, Rev. DeLou 177

Burns, Peter J 131

Cassell, J. W 119

Cassell, W. W 121

Campbell, Thomas H 136

Cauthorn, Hon. H. 8 173

Cauthorn, H. S. Jr., 173

Cauthorn. Robt. G 173

Central Foundry Co 106

Page

Churches . . .179-188

City Hall Drug Store 123

Clark, Edward S., 133

Claycomb, M. A., 140

Cllppinger, Rev. H. C 175

Cobb, A. T... 166

Cobb, O. H. Judge 166

Cobb. Hon. Thomas R., 169

Cohen, J. C 114

Coulter, Major T. B., 168

Cross, T. Ray 129

Crotts, A. V., 159

Cullop, Hon. W. A 166

Curtis, F. W 159

Dalley, C. E 167

Davidson, Win., 147

DeBruler, A. P 138

Donaldson, G. W., 97

Duesterberg, John M., 124

Du Kate, J. Ralph 159

Eagle Brewery 102

Earl. "Little Joe" 197-8

Eastham, Thomas 148

Ebner, John. Ice Co 101

Eluere, P. & Sons 130

Emison. Frank P 153

Emlson, James W., 163

Enterprise Stove Co Ill

First Regiment Band 196-7

Fleischman. Rev. M., 175

Flouring Mills Ill

Franke. T. F., 114

Frederick, Henry 155

Frederick, L. A., 127

Page

Freeman, William -98

Gardner & Son 132

Ghee, M. P., 139

Gimbel, Haughton & Bond 114

Glass. R. M 125

Goodman, John T., 170

Green, Frank 136

Green, Perry D 158

Greene, George E., 147

Greeuhow, R. J., 143

Guegen. Rev. Louis 176

Hack, John. 146

Hack & Simon 102

Hall, Dr. S., 162

Hall, John F 98

Halter, M 120

Hainmon. Dr. J. H., 163

Harbison. A. L., 169

Hartigan, John 134

Hartley. O. J 131

Hartman Mfg. Co 108

Hartwell Handle Co 107

Harvey. George R 125

Held, Dr. H. W., 153

Helle, C. W 126

Hellert, H. J., 144

Henderson. J. A 128

Hershey , Jere 150

Hitt, Harvey B., 159

Hoover, W. S 174

Horsting, Frank 150

Humke, Prof. A. E., 201

Hunter, E. B., 127

Hunter, Rev. W. A., 176

BUSINESS INTERESTS BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL MEN Continued.

Page

Iiidiana Handle Co 107

Inter-State Distilling Co 112

James R. O., 122

Judah, Samuel 169

Judah, Samuel B 170

Kitchell, J. S., 145

Klieu, George 129

Kuapp, Dr. George, Sanitar-
ium 100

Knappe, W. T. Von 162

La Croix, J. D., 12S

Latshaw, Dr. H. S 1 .45

Laundries 138

Law. Rev. W. G 177

Lewis, Harry R 167

Lewis, J. P 152

Lieberman, Prank 147

Loten, Mrs. E. J.,. i.25

Louis, J. A 115

McCarthy, P. R 108

McClure, A. M 174

McCord, C. G., 171

McCoy, Col. Geo. W UW

McGowen, John W 1?5

McJimsey Opera House 146

Mail, J. F 136

Maxedon, Dr 162

Miller, Rev. J. B., 177

Modern Woodmen of America. 191

Moffett, Judge W. W 164

Moore, Dr. R. G 123

Moore, W. H., 135

New Grand Hotel 194-7

Newspapers 155-60

Niblack, Hon. M. J 165

Norton & Co., D. W., 135

O'Donnell, P. M., 96

Oeschger, Rev. Wm., 178

Orr, James T., 109

Page. John B., 110

Palfrey, Thos. F 129

Pennington, W. H 154

Page

Phillippe, Peter 153

Phillips, O. C 171

Planke Bros 124

Plummer, J. A., 106

Presnell, M. V 133

Printers and Publishers . . . 155-60

Pritchett, J. S 166

Propes, W. H -. 142

Public Schools 198-201

Purcell, R. E 156

Purcell, W. B 157

Racy-Palfrey Shoe Co 129

Randolph, Joseph T 170

Recker, Garret R 110

Recker, W. P 119

Reel, Abe S 144

Reiman, W. A 143

Reiter, Gerard 99

Riddle, Samuel 144

Rlsch, J. A 115

Risch, S 115

Robertson, Thomas 149

Robinson, W. B 168

Rogers, John 154

Roush, G. W. H 105

Rumer & Son 121

Ryder, E. L 128

St. Rose Academy 201

Salyards, E. M 131

Samoniel, Fred 154

Schoenfeld, V 123

Schultz, C. W 120

Selby, John 141

Shepherd, Chas 129

Shores, E. E 133

Simon, Anton 102

Simpson, Wm 136, 178

Smith, Dr. H. M 161

Smith, N. & Sous 130

Somes, Harry V 96

Somes, Dr. J. F 162

I age

Spiker, J. S 137

Spiker, A. C 137

Stork. J. M 153

Summit, L. C 151

Taylor, Ayers J . . . . 149

TeWalt. Will L 140

Thuis, F. A 141

Thuis, F. A. Estate 109

Tindolph, E. P 122

Todd, C. E 134

Townsley, I. E 133

Tribe of Ben Hur 188

Twietmeyer, J. Herman 120

Utterback, Carlin 141

Vlncennes Bridge Co 105

Vincennes Egg Case Co 105

Vincennes Elevator Co Ill

Vincennes Galvanized Iron

Works 108

Vincennes Novelty Mfg. Co. ..113

Vincennes Paper Co 105

Vincennes University 84-9

Vincennes Water Supply Co.. 112
Vinceunes Window Glass Co. 103

Von Knappe, Dr. W. T 162

Wagner, John C 142

Watson, Edward 91

Watson, Henry 109

Weed, W. A 130

Weisert, C. A 152

Weisert, Edward 150

White Bicycle Co 126

Wilhelm, John 172

Willis, H. Thornton 200

Willis, T. H., Rev 175

Williams, Hon. S. W 165

Williams, James D 152

Williamson, O. B 172

Yelton, A. M 142

Yunghans, E. H 145

Zuber, John B 142